Wolf Reintroduction Into Yellowstone National Park

In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay\u27s first paragraph. ... My, what big eyes you have grandmother. \u27All the better to see you with, my dear.\u27 My, what big teeth you have grandmother. \u27All the better to eat you with, my dear. \u27 ... The story of Little Red Riding Hood is one that commonly surfaces when people talk about and picture wolves. The negative image that has been placed upon wolves originates from folklore, fairy tales, and Hollywood. This same falsified image is one that has greatly contributed to the past and present plight of the wolf. These fearful images of wolves have made them a species that has been hunted to near extinction and continue to impact their survival. It is a constant struggle for an image of wolves as a symbol for nature, wilderness, and beauty to become the more popular view of this endangered species

Defining a Trauma-Informed Approach to Social Work Field Education: A Path Forward for the Profession

Despite the recognized importance of social work field education, concerns about its dependence on already strained service delivery systems for student learning persist. The growing complexity of student needs, and the deleterious effects of COVID-19 on service systems adds to the problematic landscape. A trauma-informed approach, because it applies to individuals and environments, presents a useful framework for exploring these concerns. A trauma-informed framework to field education, once defined, could edify the profession\u27s response to these challenges. A qualitative survey (n=103) was developed to aid in understanding trauma-informed practices that support student learning. Key findings are that a trauma-informed approach to field education entails creating safe environments where expectations and boundaries are clear, supporting students by processing and validating emotional responses, and utilizing relational, collaborative approaches to supervision. Strategies for each area are delineated. Barriers to promoting trauma-informed field education include lack of time, and lack of organizational support. Authors recommend the adoption of trauma-informed field as a universal precaution approach, ensuring that students experience the principles and atmosphere of a trauma-informed field setting, enabling them to translate these into practice. Social work programs are called upon to better support placement agencies and assume more responsibility for training

Immobilized metal-affinity chromatography protein-recovery screening is predictive of crystallographic structure success

An overview of the methods used for high-throughput cloning and protein-expression screening of SSGCID hexahistidine recombinant proteins is provided. It is demonstrated that screening for recombinant proteins that are highly recoverable from immobilized metal-affinity chromatography improves the likelihood that a protein will produce a structure

Structural conservation of an ancient tRNA sensor in eukaryotic glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase

In all organisms, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases covalently attach amino acids to their cognate tRNAs. Many eukaryotic tRNA synthetases have acquired appended domains, whose origin, structure and function are poorly understood. The N-terminal appended domain (NTD) of glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (GlnRS) is intriguing since GlnRS is primarily a eukaryotic enzyme, whereas in other kingdoms Gln-tRNAGln is primarily synthesized by first forming Glu-tRNAGln, followed by conversion to Gln-tRNAGln by a tRNA-dependent amidotransferase. We report a functional and structural analysis of the NTD of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GlnRS, Gln4. Yeast mutants lacking the NTD exhibit growth defects, and Gln4 lacking the NTD has reduced complementarity for tRNAGln and glutamine. The 187-amino acid Gln4 NTD, crystallized and solved at 2.3 Å resolution, consists of two subdomains, each exhibiting an extraordinary structural resemblance to adjacent tRNA specificity-determining domains in the GatB subunit of the GatCAB amidotransferase, which forms Gln-tRNAGln. These subdomains are connected by an apparent hinge comprised of conserved residues. Mutation of these amino acids produces Gln4 variants with reduced affinity for tRNAGln, consistent with a hinge-closing mechanism proposed for GatB recognition of tRNA. Our results suggest a possible origin and function of the NTD that would link the phylogenetically diverse mechanisms of Gln-tRNAGln synthesis

High-throughput protein production and purification at the Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease

An overview of the standard SSGCID protein-purification protocol is given and success rates and cleavage alternatives are discussed

Presbyopia:Effectiveness of correction strategies

Presbyopia is a global problem affecting over a billion people worldwide. The prevalence of unmanaged presbyopia is as high as 50% of those over 50 years of age in developing world populations due to a lack of awareness and accessibility to affordable treatment, and is even as high as 34% in developed countries. Definitions of presbyopia are inconsistent and varied, so we propose a redefinition that states “presbyopia occurs when the physiologically normal age-related reduction in the eye's focusing range reaches a point, when optimally corrected for distance vision, that the clarity of vision at near is insufficient to satisfy an individual's requirements”. Presbyopia is inevitable if one lives long enough, but intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors including cigarette smoking, pregnancy history, hyperopic or astigmatic refractive error, ultraviolet radiation, female sex (although accommodation is similar to males), hotter climates and some medical conditions such as diabetes can accelerate the onset of presbyopic symptoms. Whilst clinicians can ameliorate the symptoms of presbyopia with near vision spectacle correction, bifocal and progressive spectacle lenses, monovision, translating or multifocal contact lenses, monovision, extended depth of focus, multifocal (refractive, diffractive and asymmetric designs) or ‘accommodating’ intraocular lenses, corneal inlays, scleral expansion, laser refractive surgery (corneal monovision, corneal shrinkage, corneal multifocal profiles and lenticular softening), pharmacologic agents, and electro-stimulation of the ciliary muscle, none fully overcome presbyopia in all patients. While the restoration of natural accommodation or an equivalent remains elusive, guidance is gives on presbyopic correction evaluation techniques

The Antioxidant Activity of Green Tea in vivo.

The in vivo antioxidant activity of a dose of green tea which could realistically be achieved by habitual consumption of green tea beverage has been investigated in animals and humans. Initially methods for the analysis of biomarkers of oxidative damage in animals were set up and validated. Apparatus for the measurement of ethane exhalation was reactivated and the role of the gastrointestinal flora in ethane production investigated. There was no significant difference in ethane production between conventional and germ-fiee Lister Hooded rats fed either LAD 1 animal diet or a semi-synthetic diets containing 5% fish oil. Ethane production from germ-free rats fed a semi-synthetic diet containing maize oil was significantly greater than that from conventional animals fed the same diet. The gastrointestinal flora was therefore discounted as a significant source of ethane production in rats fed such diets. A method was also developed for the measurement of plasma and urinary malondialdehyde. Using these biomarkers the in vivo antioxidant activity of green tea was investigated in conventional and vitamin E-deficient Lister Hooded rats fed fish oil and maize oil diets similar to those used when investigating the role of the gastrointestinal flora in ethane production. All three biomarkers were significantly greater in animals fed the fish oil diet compared with animals fed the maize oil diet. Plasma malondialdehyde in conventional animals fed either diet, fish oil or maize oil, was significantly lower in animals provided with green tea beverage compared with animals maintained on normal drinking water. Addition of green tea extract to plasma samples immediately prior to development of the malondialdehyde-diethylthiobarbituric acid complex had no effect on their malondialdehyde content. Urinary malondialdehyde excretion from animals fed the tocopherol-stripped maize oil diet from weaning was significantly greater than that from animals weaned onto a similar maize oil diet containing α-tocopherol. Plasma malondialdehyde and ethane exhalation were not significantly affected by vitamin E status in animals fed the maize oil diets. Ethane exhalation and urinary malondialdehyde excretion from vitamin E-deficient animals fed the vitamin E-deficient fish oil diet were significantly greater than that from conventional animals fed a fish oil diet replete in vitamin E. This may have been a reflection of dietary peroxidation as well as the deficient nature of the animals. There was no evidence to suggest that green tea had antioxidant activity in the vitamin E-deficient animals. Following the animal studies the methodology for ethane and malondialdehyde analysis was transferred to humans. The in vivo antioxidant activity of green tea was then investigated in ostensibly health men aged 40-60 years. The study was conducted in smokers and non-smokers given a fish oil supplement in an attempt to increase antioxidant requirements. Prior to supplementation, ethane exhalation and urinary malondialdehyde excretion were significantly greater from smokers. Plasma malondialdehyde was not significantly affected by smoking status. Similarly, there was no significant difference in baseline levels of plasma protein carbonyls and lymphocyte DNA oxidation between smokers and non-smokers. Plasma antioxidant nutrients were also measured and were found to be consistently lower in smokers, with the exception of γ-tocopherol which was lower in non-smokers. There was, however, considerable inter-individual variability in plasma antioxidant nutrient concentrations and differences between smokers and non-smokers did not reach statistical significance. Fish oil supplementation increased plasma and urinary levels of malondialdehyde without affecting ethane exhalation in both groups, smokers and non-smokers. The magnitude of this effect was greater in smokers. Plasma protein carbonyls also increased in response to fish oil supplementation, although there was no change in lymphocyte DNA oxidation. Plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol and carotenoids were not significantly affected by fish oil supplementation in smokers and non-smokers. Fish oil supplementation did, however, result in a significant reduction in non-smokers’ plasma γ-tocopherol. Plasma triglycerides also decreased during the study, an observation suggestive of compliance with the requested consumption of fish oil capsules. With the exception of plasma retinol, none of the biomarkers selected were significantly affected by green tea

The antioxidant activity of green tea in vivo

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