L'art plus fort que la science? L'affrontement entre expertise stylistique et expertise scientifique dans une querelle sur l'authenticité d'une œuvre d'art: l'affaire Sésostris III

Consultable sur Internet : http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-69922005000200007International audienceL'une des dimensions de l'expertise artistique consiste à se prononcer sur l'authenticité des œuvres et, pour cela, les experts disposent de différentes méthodes et ressources. Si, traditionnellement, l'essentiel des arguments relevait du registre stylistique, de la manière de procéder qui permettait d'attribuer telle ou telle œuvre à un artiste, de nouvelles méthodes scientifiques (tests chimiques, de thermoluminescence...) fondées sur l'étude des propriétés physiques des œuvres, ont, depuis, connu un développement considérable. Le présent texte se propose d'analyser un cas exemplaire de controverse liée à l'authenticité d'une œuvre, une statue du pharaon égyptien Sésostris III, qui a vu s'affronter arguments stylistiques et arguments scientifiques (entendus ici au sens de sciences "dures") et d'étudier comment des arguments opposés ont été reçus par des tierces parties comme la Justice, parfois amenée in fine à trancher les cas les plus épineux

Hydraulics are a first order control on CO2 efflux from fluvial systems

Evasion of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fluvial systems is now recognized as a significant component of the global carbon cycle. However the magnitude of, and controls on, this flux remain uncertain and improved understanding of both are required to refine global estimates of fluvial CO2 efflux. CO2 efflux data show no pattern with latitude suggesting that catchment biological productivity is not a primary control and that an alternative explanation for inter-site variability is required. It has been suggested that increased flow velocity and turbulence enhance CO2 efflux, but this is not confirmed. Here, using contemporaneous measurements of efflux (range: 0.07 – 107 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1), flow hydraulics (mean velocity range: 0.03 – 1.39 m s-1) and pCO2 (range: 174 – 10712 µatm) at six sites, we find that flow intensity is a primary control on efflux across two climatically different locations (where pH is not a limiting factor) and that the relationship is refined by incorporating the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) of the water. A remaining challenge is how to upscale from point to reach or river basin level. Remote imaging or river surface may be worth exploring if subjectivity in interpreting surface state can be overcome

Publier pendant et après la thèse.: Quelques conseils à l'attention des jeunes sociologues

Publier en tant que doctorant ou jeune docteur en sociologie n'est pas chose facile. Les auteurs proposent de livrer ici quelques conseils de base permettant d'optimiser les chances de voir se concrétiser des projets de publication (recensions, articles, ouvrages). Il s'agit d'idées d'ordre pratique, évoquant des plans d'action et des « tours de main » de l'écriture sociologique qui semblent avoir convenablement fonctionné pour beaucoup de chercheurs. Bien plus qu'un simple témoignage relatant une expérience singulière, cet article constitue une synthèse d'un grand nombre de stratégies de publication à l'œuvre dans le domaine de la recherche qui se sont révélées d'une réelle efficacité

The superstars of contemporary art: a sociological analysis of fame and consecration in the visual arts through indigenous rankings of the "Top Artists in the World"

What can the rankings of "top - visual - artists" in the world tell about the social construction of value within the contemporary art domain? After drawing a historical analysis of evaluation systems of artists, we present the methodology used by the four rankings that we analyse in this article: the Kunstkompass, the Artfacts, the Artnet and the Artprice ranking. Subsequently, the first two indicators in which fame and consecration are mediated by experts are analysed in depth and compared. This highlights somewhat similar results, differing from a ranking (Artnet) with no such mediation. Finally, the link between institutional success and economic success (measured through Artprice ranking) is analysed, thus reconsidering the theory of the creation of art value at the junction of institutions and the art market.O que os rankings dos "artistas visuais top" no mundo dizem sobre a construção social do valor dentro do domínio da arte contemporânea? Após uma análise histórica dos sistemas de avaliação de artistas, apresentamos a metodologia utilizada pelos quatro rankings que analisamos neste artigo: o Kunstkompass, o Artfacts, o Artnet e o Artprice. Em seguida, os dois primeiros indicadores em que fama e consagração são mediadas por especialistas são analisados ​​em profundidade, e comparados entre si. Isso destaca resultados um pouco semelhantes, diferindo de um terceiro ranking, em que não há esse tipo de medição (Artnet). Por fim, analisa-se a ligação entre sucesso institucional e sucesso econômico (medido através do ranking Artprice), revendo-se a teoria da criação do valor artístico a partir da injunção entre as instituições e o mercado de arte

The Hierarchy of Countries in the Contemporary Art World and Market.: An Empirical Survey of the Globalization of the Visual Arts

Although studies on globalisation have multiplied since the 1990s there are still rather few empirical sociological studies in this area of interest. Drawing upon the case of contemporary visual arts, this paper tries to highlight how discourses widespread within the art world on globalization, métissage and the abolition of boundaries are largely due to illusion. When objectifying the positions occupied by different countries in the artistic domain a very marked hierarchy becomes apparent. This hierarchy reveals that beyond the development of international exchange there subsist on the one hand a centre with well-defined outlines consisting of some Western countries (the United States and Germany taking the best places) and on the other hand a vast periphery, consisting of all the countries that do not belong to the first set.Although studies on globalisation have multiplied since the 1990s there are still rather few empirical sociological studies in this area of interest. Drawing upon the case of contemporary visual arts, this paper tries to highlight how discourses widespread within the art world on globalization, métissage and the abolition of boundaries are largely due to illusion. When objectifying the positions occupied by different countries in the artistic domain a very marked hierarchy becomes apparent. This hierarchy reveals that beyond the development of international exchange there subsist on the one hand a centre with well-defined outlines consisting of some Western countries (the United States and Germany taking the best places) and on the other hand a vast periphery, consisting of all the countries that do not belong to the first set

Why the sustainable provision of low-carbon electricity needs hybrid markets

Deep decarbonization of energy systems poses considerable challenges to electricity markets and there is a growing consensus that an energy-only design based on short-term marginal cost pricing cannot deliver adequate levels of investment and long-term coordination across actors and sectors. Based on the instructive example of the evolution of European electricity market designs, we discuss several shortcomings of energy-only markets and illustrate how ad-hoc policies that intend to address them have limitations of their own, notably a lack of systemwide coordination. Second, we describe how the sheer scale and nature of deep decarbonization targets requiring massive investment in capital-intensive low-carbon technologies exacerbate these issues. Ambitious emission reduction targets thus require an evolution of market design towards hybrid regimes. Hybrid markets separate long-term investment decisions from short-term operations through a balanced and differentiated use of competitive and regulatory design elements to coordinate and de-risk investment. Finally, a historical analysis of the evolution of different electricity market designs shows how hybrid markets constitute contemporary forms of long-run marginal cost pricing that are appropriate for meeting deep decarbonization targets with reduced uncertainty and hence lower private and social costs

Why the sustainable provision of low-carbon electricity needs hybrid markets

Deep decarbonization of energy systems poses considerable challenges to electricity markets and there is a growing consensus that an energy-only design based on short-term marginal cost pricing cannot deliver adequate levels of investment and long-term coordination across actors and sectors. Based on the instructive example of the evolution of European electricity market designs, we discuss several shortcomings of energy-only markets and illustrate how ad-hoc policies that intend to address them have limitations of their own, notably a lack of systemwide coordination. Second, we describe how the sheer scale and nature of deep decarbonization targets requiring massive investment in capital-intensive low-carbon technologies exacerbate these issues. Ambitious emission reduction targets thus require an evolution of market design towards hybrid regimes. Hybrid markets separate long-term investment decisions from short-term operations through a balanced and differentiated use of competitive and regulatory design elements to coordinate and de-risk investment. Finally, a historical analysis of the evolution of different electricity market designs shows how hybrid markets constitute contemporary forms of long-run marginal cost pricing that are appropriate for meeting deep decarbonization targets with reduced uncertainty and hence lower private and social costs

The market stability reserve in the EU emissions trading system: a critical review

Having experienced low prices for about a decade, the European Union Emissions Trading System has been supplemented with the market stability reserve (MSR) that adjusts the supply of allowances to market outcomes. We critically review the literature assessing the performance of the MSR against several policy objectives. In doing so, we cover both conceptual aspects and quantitative assessments. We conclude by pointing out important policy implications and open issues for further research

Sur L’Artiste, l’institution et le marché de Raymonde Moulin

L’Artiste, l’institution et le marché constitue l’ouvrage le plus abouti de la sociologue de l’art française Raymonde Moulin. Paru au début des années 1990, il s’intéresse à la constitution de la valeur de l’art, qui se construit à l’articulation du marché et du musée. Cette analyse repose sur une multitude de données empiriques de première et seconde mains concernant principalement le domaine des arts visuels en France dans les années 1980. Ces données sont examinées avec une grande finesse, en dehors de tout dogmatisme conceptuel et théorique. C’est ce qui a permis à l’ouvrage de bénéficier d’une réception très positive au moment de sa parution, tout particulièrement dans le monde de l’art, mais qui s’est encore élargie au fil des décennies jusqu’à en faire un classique incontournable de la sociologie de l’art.L’Artiste, l’institution et le marché (unpublished in English version) represents the most accomplished book of French sociologist Raymonde Moulin. Published at the beginning of the 1990’s, it analyses the creation of art value, at the junction of institutions and of the market. The purpose is based on multiple first hand and second hands empirical data that deal mostly with the French context of the 1980’s. The data is very acutely analyzed, far beyond any conceptual or theoretical dogmatism. This trait largely explains why the book was so acclaimed when it was initially published, especially in the art world and also why, along time, it became a classic in the sociology of art domain

Transitional restricted linkage between emissions trading schemes

Linkages between Emissions Trading Systems are deemed an important element of the future climate policy landscape. They are, however, difficult to agree and remain few and far between. Temporary restrictions on permit trading have potential to facilitate and gradually approach unrestricted, full linkage. We compare the relative merits of several link restrictions in this respect, namely quantitative transfer limits, border taxes on transfers, exchange and discount rates, and unilateral linkage. To this end, we develop a simple model to have a unifying framework which, in conjunction with lessons we draw from realworld experiences, serves as a basis for a broader, policy-oriented discussion. While quantitative restrictions seem to be the natural route to full linkage, they can lead to uncertain distributional effects and weaken price signals. These aspects are mitigated under a border permit tax, but this policy seems harder to implement. Exchange rates have potential to adjust for programmes’ stringencies and raise ambition over time, but can be challenging to select. As experience corroborates, unilateral linkage can be a convenient approach