Pudeur et intimité en collectivité, avec les enfants de 6-12 ans: quel regard porter en tant que professionnel ?

Ce travail de mémoire porte sur les notions de pudeur et d’intimité chez les enfants de 6-12 ans fréquentant une collectivité de type UAPE. Je souhaite mettre l’accent sur l’importance du développement psycho-sexuel de l’enfant en structure d’accueil. Pour cela, il est donc primordial d’avoir des attitudes éducatives idéales, c’est-à-dire le respect de l’espace intime afin d’aider l’enfant dans son développement. Mon dossier traite différents sujets, comme cité plus haut : L’intimité, la pudeur, le développement psycho-sexuel de l’enfant, les attitudes de l’EDE mais également l’environnement de l’enfant qui joue son rôle dans la construction de l’identité de l’enfant. Je vais surtout me focaliser sur un aspect psychologique et je vais aborder une partie pédagogique avec quelques attitudes à adopter pour favoriser le bon développement de l’enfant

2018-2019 Annual Report of Work Carried Out at Memorial Park, City of Houston, Harris County, Texas

On behalf of the City of Houston and the Memorial Park Conservancy, Gray & Pape, Inc. conducted intensive pedestrian surveys of three areas totaling 144.4 hectares (357.6 acres) of Memorial Park, City of Houston, Harris County, Texas. Fieldwork was carried out between April 1, 2018 and March 31, 2019, under Texas Antiquities Annual Permit Number 8465. The following report presents the results of site file and background research, survey methods, field results, and conclusions and recommendations for each of these surveys. The goals of the intensive pedestrian surveys were to assist the Memorial Park Conservancy in identifying the presence of cultural resources as they are defined by Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (36 CFR 800), and provide management recommendations for identified resources. Survey methods, site identification and delineation, and reporting adhere to standards established by the Archeology Division of the Texas Historical Commission, the Council of Texas Archeologists, and the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. At this time, the Memorial Park Conservancy plans to conduct standard park maintenance activities including low impact mechanical clearing of the invasive understory, spraying, and new plantings in each of the areas surveyed. Gray & Pape, Inc. focused particular attention on the State Antiquities Landmark-designated (#8200003264) Camp Logan archaeological site (41HR614) that encompasses large portions of Memorial Park. As a result of survey findings, the boundary for 41HR614 has been expanded to include the entirety of the former Camp Logan footprint as preserved within the boundaries of Memorial Park. The boundary of the previously recorded prehistoric site 41HR1217 was also extended. Four new prehistoric sites (41HR1226, 41HR1227, 41HR1229, 41HR1230) and one new multicomponent site (41HR1228) were also recorded. The 12.4-hectare (30.6-acre) Sports Complex survey resulted in the identification of five historic features considered part of 41HR614: the partial remains of a Camp Logan era road, segments of two Camp Logan era ditches, a Camp Logan concrete grease trap, and a concrete signpost from the 1940s. Gray & Pape recommends that the grease trap and signpost be avoided by Memorial Park Conservancy planned activities. The remaining features will not be impacted by current planned Memorial Park Conservancy activities. Based on the results of this survey, and with these protective measures in place, Gray & Pape recommends that the no further cultural resources work be required in the remaining portions of the Sports Complex project area and that the project be cleared to proceed as currently planned. The 76-hectare (189-acre) Bayou Wilds – East survey resulted in the identification of four new prehistoric sites (41HR1226, 41HR1227, 41HR1229, 41HR1230) and one new multicomponent site (41HR1228). The boundaries of the prehistoric site 41HR1217 and the historic site 41HR614 were extended A total of 14 new features were identified as associated with 41HR614, as well as two historic-age structures. Gray & Pape, Inc. recommends avoidance of the identified sites, features, and historic age structures. Based on the results of this survey, and with these protective measures in place, Gray & Pape, Inc. recommends no further cultural resources work be required in the remaining portion of the Bayou Wilds – East project area and that the project be cleared to proceed as planned. The 56-hectare (138-acre) Northwest Trails – North survey resulted in the identification of four historic-age structures, nearly identical footbridges constructed of irregular blocks and mortar that are part of the park’s active trail network; as well as a historical isolate. Based on the results of this survey, and with these protective measures in place, Gray & Pape, Inc. recommends that the no further cultural resources work be required in the remaining portions of the Northwest Trails – North project area and that the project be cleared to proceed as currently planned. As part of the Unanticipated Finds Plan developed by Gray & Pape, Inc. and the Memorial Park Conservancy, Gray & Pape, Inc. archaeologists identified and recorded nine cultural features (seven manholes, one grease trap, one segment of vitrified clay pipe) uncovered by activities undertaken by the Memorial Park Conservancy and their contractors. In each case ongoing work in the area of the newly encountered feature was halted until the feature was fully documented by a Gray & Pape, Inc. archaeologist, and potential impacts were coordinated between Gray & Pape, Inc., the Memorial Park Conservancy, and the Texas Historical Commission. Gray & Pape, Inc. also coordinated with the Texas Historical Commission on two occasions in relation to Memorial Park Conservancy projects for which no fieldwork was required. As a project permitted through the Texas Historical Commission, Gray & Pape, Inc. submitted project records to the Center of Archaeological Studies at Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas

Cultural Resources Survey Deep Testing of Two Proposed Bore Locations for the West Harris County Regional Water Authority’s Second Source Transmission Line - Segment 3 Alignment in Harris County, Texas

In 2016, Gray & Pape, Inc., of Houston, Texas, performed a preliminary archaeological and historical desktop assessment of 22.2-kilometers (13.8 miles) proposed for the West Harris County Regional Water Authority, Second Source Transmission Line Project – Segment 3 Alignment, in Harris County, Texas. The conclusion of that study was that most of the project’s Area of Potential Effects occurred within areas that had previously been disturbed by the construction of roads, parking lots, and artificial drainages. Gray & Pape, Inc. recommended that only the areas on either side of Buffalo Bayou warranted further investigation due to the potential for intact deeply buried soils and the proximity of three previously recorded prehistoric sites to the Area of Potential Effects. The Texas Historical Commission concurred with that recommendation. Through consultation with the Texas Historical Commission, Gray & Pape, Inc. developed a plan for conducting deep testing at the bore pit workspace locations where the project is proposed to be installed by means of horizontal directional drilling under Buffalo Bayou. Each bore pit workspace measures approximately 15 by 9 meters (50 by 30 feet), for a total of 0.02 hectares (0.06 acres) investigated for the project. The goals of the survey were to determine if the proposed project would affect any previously identified archaeological sites as defined by Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (36 CFR 800), and to establish whether or not previously unidentified buried archaeological resources were located within the project’s Area of Potential Effects. Portions of the Area of Potential Effects are on property owned by Harris County Flood Control District, a political subdivision of the state, and thus a Texas Antiquities Permit (Permit Number 8014) was required prior to the commencement of fieldwork. All fieldwork and reporting activities were completed with reference to state and federal guidelines. Fieldwork took place on May 10, 2017, and consisted of pedestrian surface inspection and deep testing via mechanical trenching. A total of two trenches were excavated, one within the Area of Potential Effects of each proposed bore pit location. In both trenches, potential Holocene-age soils were shown to be extremely shallow and likely disturbed. No artifacts or cultural features were encountered during the course of the survey, and no new archaeological sites were identified. No negative impacts on any previously-identified sites are anticipated from the proposed project. Based on these results, Gray & Pape, Inc. recommends that no further cultural work be required and that the project be cleared to proceed as planned. As required under the provisions of Texas Antiquities Code Permit 8014, all project records are housed at the Center for Archaeological Studies at Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas

Cultural Resources Survey of a 5.3-Acre Proposed Site Development at Luthe Lane in Harris County, Texas

This report summarizes the results of a cultural resources survey of a 2.1-hectare (5.3-acre) area proposed for development in Harris County, Texas. Because the project will involve a state created entity and will include property under the ownership of the Houston Airport System; a Texas Antiquities Permit was acquired prior to the field survey. The Permit Number issued for the project in October 2017 is 8203. The goals of the survey were to determine if the proposed project would affect any previously identified historic properties and to establish whether or not previously unidentified cultural resources were located within the Area of Potential Effects. All fieldwork and reporting activities were completed with reference to State laws and guidelines (the Antiquities Code of Texas). No artifacts or cultural features were encountered in the field. No previously identified sites are located within or immediately adjacent to the Area of Potential Effects, and extant buildings are of modern construction. Based on the results of the survey, Gray & Pape, Inc. recommends that the no further cultural resources work be required and that the project be cleared to proceed as currently planned. The fieldwork for the project required 16-person hours. Project records for this project are curated at the Center for Archaeological Studies at Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas

Cultural Resources Survey for the Big Creek Channel Repair Project in Fort Bend County, Texas

This report summarizes the results of a cultural resources survey by Gray & Pape, Inc., on behalf of their client, BIO-WEST, Inc., of six workspaces within four discontiguous locations along Big Creek in Fort Bend County, Texas totaling 6.1 hectares (15.1 acres) and approximately 1.5 kilometers (0.9 miles) in length. The Big Creek Channel Repair Project calls for bank stabilization efforts at each of the four locations. The goals of the survey were to determine if the proposed project would affect any previously identified archaeological sites as defined by Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (36 CFR 800), and to establish whether or not previously unidentified buried archaeological resources were located within the project’s Area of Potential Effects. Portions of the project are on property owned by Fort Bend County, a political subdivision of the state, as such, a Texas Antiquities Permit (Permit Number 9455) was required prior to the commencement of fieldwork. The lead federal agency is the Federal Emergency Management Agency. All fieldwork and reporting activities were completed with reference to state (the Antiquities Code of Texas) and federal guidelines. Prior to fieldwork mobilization, a background literature and site file search were conducted to identify the presence of recorded sites and previous cultural resource surveys within or near the Area of Potential Effect. The search indicated that no previously identified cemeteries, historical markers, or National Register properties are located within the project Area of Potential Effects. The same research identified that 11 previous cultural resource surveys had been conducted within the study radius of the project area, three of which overlapped with the current Area of Potential Effects. In addition, 13 previously recorded archaeological sites are located within the study radius, one of which, (41FB330) a prehistoric shell midden site, is located immediately adjacent to the current Area of Potential Effect. Field investigations carried out in June 2020 consisted of a combination of pedestrian survey, with particular attention to sections of exposed and eroding bank, and subsurface testing within the four project locations. Because the vast majority of the project Area of Potential Effects occurred in areas of steep slope and artificially reworked bank, only 9 of 20 planned shovel tests were excavated. All shovel tests were negative for cultural resource material, including two shovel tests excavated adjacent to the previously recorded 41FB330. Two historic isolate surface finds were identified at Workspaces 5 and 6. Gray & Pape, Inc. archaeologists are of the opinion that the intensive pedestrian survey and shovel test survey completed within the Area of Potential Effects has adequately assessed the potential for surface and near-surface intact, significant cultural resources. No intact, significant artifacts or cultural features were encountered during the course of the survey, and no new archaeological sites were identified. No negative impacts on any previously identified sites are anticipated from the proposed project. Based on these results, Gray & Pape, Inc. recommends that no further cultural work be required and that the project be cleared to proceed as planned. As required under the provisions of Texas Antiquities Code Permit 9455, all project records are housed at the Center for Archaeological Studies at Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas

Cultural Resources Survey for Proposed Water Development Board Construction Activities, Sienna Plantation, Fort Bend County, Texas

Gray & Pape, Inc. of Houston, Texas was contracted by BIO-WEST, Inc. of Houston, Texas to conduct an intensive pedestrian cultural resources survey of two proposed water line segments (North Segment and South Segment) totaling 6.7 kilometers (4.4 miles) in length, and a waste water treatment plant covering 6.6 hectares (16.2 acres) in Fort Bend County, Texas. Portions of the project area are on property owned by Sienna Plantation Municipal Utility District Number 1 and the City of Missouri City. As political subdivisions of the state, a Texas Antiquities Permit was acquired prior to the commencement of fieldwork (Permit Number 7918). Fieldwork and reporting activities were performed according to procedures set forth by the Texas Historical Commission and the Council of Texas Archeologists and in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The goals of the survey were to establish whether or not previously unidentified archaeological resources were located within the project area, also defined as the project’s Area of Potential Effects, and whether the proposed project would affect any previously identified cultural resources. Prior to fieldwork, site file and background research was conducted, including a review of historic aerial and topographic maps in an attempt to locate any historic structures within the Area of Potential Effects. Site file review and background research indicated two previously recorded sites might be impacted by the project’s Area of Potential Effects. Site 41FB253 was recorded as a Late Prehistoric shell midden and 41FB324 was the remains of a late nineteenth century sugar mill. A total of 15 shovel tests and two trenches were excavated along the planned route of the North Segment, none were positive for cultural resources, and the North Segment was observed to be heavily disturbed by bank modifications along Steep Bank and Flat Bank Creeks. Close interval shovel testing and a trench to test for deeply buried deposits demonstrate that 41FB253 does not manifest within the Area of Potential Effects and that the area has been heavily disturbed by past development. A total of 16 shovel tests were excavated along the planned route of the South Segment. Three tests near 41FB324 were positive for disarticulated brick and these were determined to be out of context remains from the demolition of that site during the construction of Waters Lake Boulevard. Close interval shovel testing and a trench to test for deeply buried deposits demonstrated that 41FB324 does not manifest within the Area of Potential Effects. The South Segment was observed to be heavily impacted by utilities installation, road construction, and residential development. Fifteen shovel tests and six trenches were excavated within the planned footprint of the wastewater treatment plant, all were negative for cultural resources. A ditch feature located within this portion of the Area of Potential Effects has been suggested to be of slave or prison labor construction. However, previous historical research and the current the archaeological survey produced no evidence in support of this supposition. Prior to fieldwork, site file and background research was conducted, including a review of historic aerial and topographic maps in an attempt to locate any historic structures within the Area of Potential Effects. Site file review and background research indicated two previously recorded sites might be impacted by the project’s Area of Potential Effects. Site 41FB253 was recorded as a Late Prehistoric shell midden and 41FB324 was the remains of a late nineteenth century sugar mill. A total of 15 shovel tests and two trenches were excavated along the planned route of the North Segment, none were positive for cultural resources, and the North Segment was observed to be heavily disturbed by bank modifications along Steep Bank and Flat Bank Creeks. Close interval shovel testing and a trench to test for deeply buried deposits demonstrate that 41FB253 does not manifest within the Area of Potential Effects and that the area has been heavily disturbed by past development. A total of 16 shovel tests were excavated along the planned route of the South Segment. Three tests near 41FB324 were positive for disarticulated brick and these were determined to be out of context remains from the demolition of that site during the construction of Waters Lake Boulevard. Close interval shovel testing and a trench to test for deeply buried deposits demonstrated that 41FB324 does not manifest within the Area of Potential Effects. The South Segment was observed to be heavily impacted by utilities installation, road construction, and residential development. Fifteen shovel tests and six trenches were excavated within the planned footprint of the wastewater treatment plant, all were negative for cultural resources. A ditch feature located within this portion of the Area of Potential Effects has been suggested to be of slave or prison labor construction. However, previous historical research and the current the archaeological survey produced no evidence in support of this supposition. No new cultural resources were identified during the course of the survey. Known Sites 41FB253 and 41FB324 were determined to have neither near surface, nor deeply buried components, that extend into the project’s Area of Potential Effects and will not be impacted by the current undertaking. Based on these results Gray & Pape, Inc. recommends that no further cultural resources work be required and that the project be allowed to proceed as currently planned. Gray & Pape, Inc. submitted project records to the Center of Archaeological Studies at Texas State University in San Marcos, Texas

Cultural Resources Survey for the Proposed Memorial Park Eastern Glades Phase 2 Development Project, Memorial Park, City of Houston, Harris County, Texas

On behalf of the City of Houston and the Memorial Park Conservancy, Gray & Pape, Inc. conducted an intensive pedestrian survey of approximately 16.6 hectares (41 acres) for the proposed Eastern Glades Phase 2 development project located in Memorial Park, a public park of the City of Houston, Harris County, Texas. As the proposed project is located within property of the City of Houston, a political subdivision of the state of Texas, and exceeds 2 hectares (5 acres) in area, the proposed undertaking requires the completion of an archaeological survey and due consideration of identified archaeological resources prior to project commencement, per the Antiquities Code of Texas. Fieldwork and reporting for the survey were conducted under Texas Antiquities Permit Number 7686, issued to Gray & Pape by the Texas Historical Commission (Archeology Division) on June 17, 2016. The goals of the intensive pedestrian survey were to assist the Memorial Park Conservancy in assessing the proposed project’s Area of Potential Effects for the presence of cultural resources as they are defined by Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (36 CFR 800), and provide management recommendations for identified resources. Gray & Pape, Inc. focused particular attention on the State Antiquities Landmark-designated Camp Logan archaeological site (41HR614), which is intersected by the project area. Survey, site identification and delineation, and reporting were completed with reference to standards established by the Archeology Division of the Texas Historical Commission, the Council of Texas Archeologists, and the National Historic Preservation Act. Background research for the project was conducted in May 2016 and fieldwork was completed in July and October 2016. Fieldwork encompassed the entire project area and involved pedestrian reconnaissance, subsurface investigation through shovel testing, and photographic documentation of existing conditions. Gray & Pape, Inc. focused attention on areas likely to contain surface and subsurface materials and deposits associated with Camp Logan. In particular, Camp Logan-period cartographic resources and narrative reports dating to 1918 and historic aerial imagery dating to the mid-1940s were consulted in planning and completing fieldwork. The proposed project includes five separate areas (designated by Gray & Pape, Inc. as survey areas A through E for fieldwork) clustered together in the southeastern section of Memorial Park. Pedestrian reconnaissance identified a low-density surface brick scatter near Area A and four in situ pre-cast concrete park benches located in Areas A and B. Pedestrian reconnaissance also identified traces of former roadways likely associated with Camp Logan that could be identified through patterns in tree growth and understory vegetation. Subsurface investigation involved the completion of a total of 61 shovel tests across all five survey areas, including five shovel tests completed within the mapped surface brick scatter. Of these 61 shovel tests, three shovel tests yielded historic archaeological material (ferrous wire nail fragments in all three shovel tests) that may date in manufacture greater than 50 years before present; no other shovel tests yielded prehistoric or historic period archaeological materials pre-dating the mid-1960s. Based on the results of the survey, Gray & Pape, Inc. recommends no further archaeological investigations with respect to the current design of the Memorial Park Eastern Glades Phase 2 project. The current plans for the project take into consideration the most distinct and visible of the roadways dating to the Camp Logan period. Gray & Pape, Inc. does recommend the adoption of an Unanticipated Discoveries Plan and Workforce Education Plan by the Memorial Park Conservancy prior to the commencement of construction to avoid adverse impacts to buried archaeological features and materials associated with the Camp Logan archaeological site. Gray & Pape, Inc. submitted project records to Texas Archeological Research Laboratory

Cultural Resources Survey for the Proposed MUD 121 Brazos River Levee Protection Project in Fort Bend County, Texas

This report summarizes the results of a cultural resources survey by Gray & Pape, Inc. of an approximately 14.8-hectare (36.6-acre) property in Fort Bend County, Texas, planned for a bank stabilization project on behalf of their client, Berg-Oliver Associates, Inc. The goals of the survey were to determine if the proposed project would affect any previously identified archaeological sites as defined by Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (36 CFR 800), and to establish whether or not previously unidentified buried archaeological resources were located within the project’s Area of Potential Effect. Portions of the project are on property owned by Fort Bend County Municipal Utility District Number 121, political subdivisions of the state, as such, a Texas Antiquities Permit (Permit Number 8734) was required prior to the commencement of fieldwork. All fieldwork and reporting activities were completed with reference to state (the Antiquities Code of Texas) and federal guidelines. Prior to fieldwork mobilization, a background literature and site file search were conducted to identify the presence of recorded sites and previous cultural resource surveys within or near the project area. The search indicated that no previously identified archaeological sites, cemeteries, historic markers, or National Register properties are located within the project area. The same research identified that eight previous cultural resource surveys had been conducted within the study radius of the project area, one of which overlapped with the current project area. In addition, 14 previously recorded archaeological sites are located within the study radius, none of which are located within or immediately adjacent to the current project area. Field investigations were carried out in two mobilizations in January and December 2019 and consisted of a combination of pedestrian survey and subsurface testing, resulting in the excavation of 32 shovel tests. Five planned tests were left unexcavated due to inundation, and eight planned tests were left unexcavated due to significant surface disturbance. All shovel tests were negative for cultural resource material and no historic-age resources were identified during survey. After a revised scope of work was submitted to the Texas Historical Commission, investigation of deeply buried soils took place tandem with construction by regular monitoring of construction excavation. When the construction schedule allowed, traditional deep testing, by means of mechanical excavation, was carried out in five of six areas anticipated to have deep impacts from the proposed bank stabilization project. A total of 22 trenches were excavated. No buried features or deeply buried paleosols were encountered. Gray & Pape, Inc. archaeologists are of the opinion that the shovel test survey and deep testing completed within the Area of Potential Effects has adequately assessed the potential for surface and near surface intact, significant cultural resources, as well as determining the potential for deeply buried resources or paleosols. No artifacts or cultural features were encountered during the course of the survey, and no new archaeological sites were identified. No negative impacts on any previously identified sites are anticipated from the proposed project. Based on these results, Gray & Pape, Inc. recommends that no further cultural work be required and that the project be cleared to proceed as planned. As required under the provisions of Texas Antiquities Code Permit 8734, all project records are housed at the Center for Archaeological Studies at Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas

Archaeological and Metal Detector Survey in Support of Site Selection for a Museum and Visitors Center at the San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site, Harris County, Texas

At the request of the San Jacinto Museum of History Association, Gray & Pape, Inc., of Houston, Texas, conducted an archaeological survey of approximately 8.2 hectares (20.3 acres) in support of a potential future construction location for a museum and visitors center. The project area consisted of two polygon boundaries, Area A and Area B, located southwest of the San Jacinto Monument. Area A was further subdivided into three sections for ease of analysis. The Lead Agency for this project has been identified as the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. The project is located on state-owned lands; thus, requiring permitting for archaeological fieldwork. All fieldwork and reporting activities were conducted under Texas Antiquities Permit Number 7725, issued by the Texas Historical Commission on July 21, 2016. Site file research conducted prior to survey identified two previous surveys overlap the current project. Field investigations were conducted between October and December 2016. All work was conducted in accordance with a scope of work prepared in consultation with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Artifacts determined to require curation will be turned over to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department along with all field records, notes, and GIS data. Field activities in October and December 2016 consisted of photo-documentation, pedestrian reconnaissance, metal detection survey, and trench excavation. A total of 380 targets were identified during the current metal detector survey. Of these, 366 targets were identified as being modern materials such as beverage cans, aluminum foil, barbed wire, and other recent hardware items. An additional 30 targets were identified during previous surveys, which increases the total identified targets within the project to 410. Modern items were recovered throughout the project area but was most concentrated in the areas immediately adjacent to the existing service road and maintenance facilities. Fourteen items were identified during the metal detector survey that are considered of historic or unknown age, including four bullets, most likely dating from the late nineteenth century. Other items included iron chain link, a square nail, and a shellcrete block that likely had served as a property marker. No items that could be confirmed as related to the Battle of San Jacinto were identified during the current effort. However, seven artifacts determined to be most likely associated with the cavalry skirmish dating to April 20, 1836, were identified within Project Area B and its western boundary as a result of work performed in 2011 and 2013. These artifacts consisted of five buckshot, one musketball, and one horseshoe. Trench excavations showed little to no evidence of major earth moving disturbances within the project area, although it did show evidence of agrilliturbation in the form of gilgai and research has revealed that natural and artificial impacts have taken place on the property. The small number of historic-age finds would also suggest that the project area remained relatively low impact use in the period between the battle and the construction of maintenance facilities in the area in the twenty-first century. Further, except for the shellcrete block these finds were located very near the surface, suggesting they have not had time to subside very deeply. The concentration of modern materials around near the adjacent maintenance facilities supports the idea that intensive activity near the project area is a fairly recent phenomenon. Based on the results of previous surveys there is evidence of activity associated with the Battle of San Jacinto located in the project, specifically a swath that crosses the northern portion of Area B. However, the activity appears to be concentrated further to the east and outside of the current project. The resurvey of locations of previous battle-related finds during the current effort produced no additional battle-related materials. It is necessary to state that it would be impossible to conclude that no additional materials would be identified within the project, as there are several factors that could influence the success of a metal detecting survey. These factors include the interference from nearby power lines, soils saturation, technological limitations of the machines used, machine operator error, and movement of targets due to subsidence and agrilliturbation. These factors were addressed as best as possible for the current effort. For these reasons, Gray & Pape, Inc. recommend that the Project be allowed to proceed if ground disturbances are archaeologically monitored in the chance that additional materials may be identified

Hydration of C3A with Calcium Sulfate Alone and in the Presence of Calcium Silicate

Tricalcium aluminate (C3A) is one of the main constituents of Portland cement. Even though it represents less than 10% of the total composition, its strong reaction with water can lead to a rapid setting, called flash set. Gypsum is added to regulate this reaction and preserves the workability of the cement paste at early ages. The understanding of the C3A-gypsum reaction is therefore crucial for the comprehension of the early hydration of cement. The role of the amount of C3A and the sulfate balance of cement hydration are of major interest since two important routes for the development of new cementitious materials are the increasing rate of substitution materials and the increasing level of aluminate in clinker. This thesis aimed to investigate the C3A-gypsum reaction alone and in the presence of alite in order to provide basic knowledge on the C3A-gypsum reactions and study the interactions that occur between the cement phases when hydration occurs in alite-C3A-gypsum systems. Alite and C3A as well as clinkers of controlled composition were synthesized. Model systems composed of C3A with different gypsum additions and alite-C3A-gypsum systems were studied in terms of hydration kinetics, phase assemblage and microstructural development. This work confirmed the findings of previous works on the mechanism that controls C3A-gypsum hydration when sulfate ions are present in solution and gave new results on the reaction when gypsum is depleted. It was shown that AFm phases do not crystallize only as platelets that fill the space between the C3A grains but also form an "inner" product within the original C3A grain boundaries and that hydrogarnet (for which the presence depends on the gypsum addition) crystallizes as a rim around C3A grains. Moreover the influence of the gypsum addition on the morphology of the AFm platelets and the role of their morphology on the hydration rate were highlighted. In the presence of alite the hydration kinetics of C3A-gypsum systems was subject to change due to the adsorption of sulfate ions on C-S-H and the reduction of the space available for the reaction. In addition, with the correlation of calorimetric, XRD and SEM analyses it was possible to observe a second formation of ettringite from C3A and sulfate ions released from C-S-H after the depletion of gypsum. Finally, the rate of alite hydration related to the growth of C-S-H was shown to be modified in the presence of C3A and gypsum