Motivational attitudes and norms in a unified agent communication language for open multi-agent systems: A pragmatic approach

In order to perform some tasks, agents need to interact with each other. Thus, a Multi-Agent System (MAS) is a system composed by several agents, capable of mutual interaction. Communication is a kind of interaction that allows agents to work more effectively by sharing knowledge and exchanging information. Thus, communication allow agents to make queries, transmit information, perform declarations and to commit themselves to execute an action. For agents to communicate, a method of sequencing messages is needed (conversations). For conversations to be successful, pragmatic principles to guide the linguistic interchange should be make available. These principles should not violate crucial properties of agency such as autonomy, heterogeneity and proactiveness. Various classes of agent communication languages (ACLs) have been proposed to handle these issues, but standardization is still a holy grail. We claim that a rethinking of the general principles on the foundations of ACLs is needed. More specifically, a redistribution of the role played by the semantics (speech acts) and pragmatics (protocols and policies) of ACLs will dissolve some of the most important problems currently affecting agent communication. Agent communication has traditionally focused on the semantics of speech acts, and many important advances have been done on that respect. But for some exceptions discussed later on the pragmatic component has often been the poor relative, consisting usually on low-level contextual free protocols that merely established the order in which speech acts may be used. This thesis aims to show how a high-level ACL pragmatics is crucial to facilitate the use of the semantic component in a variety of scenarios and a necessary step towards standardization. In the pragmatic turn for agent communication that we are proposing, ACL pragmatics will take the form of conversation norms. These principles can be specifically formulated by means of conversation protocols and policies that govern agents’ message interchange taking into account contextual factors that affect agents’ decisions. Once the theoretical issues are established, we ground the pragmatic principles in a computational model and study its applicability using a declarative programming language

Basque and Spanish Counter Narrative Generation: Data Creation and Evaluation

Counter Narratives (CNs) are non-negative textual responses to Hate Speech (HS) aiming at defusing online hatred and mitigating its spreading across media. Despite the recent increase in HS content posted online, research on automatic CN generation has been relatively scarce and predominantly focused on English. In this paper, we present CONAN-EUS, a new Basque and Spanish dataset for CN generation developed by means of Machine Translation (MT) and professional post-edition. Being a parallel corpus, also with respect to the original English CONAN, it allows to perform novel research on multilingual and crosslingual automatic generation of CNs. Our experiments on CN generation with mT5, a multilingual encoder-decoder model, shows that generation greatly benefits from training on post-edited data, as opposed to relying on silver MT data only. These results are confirmed by their correlation with a qualitative manual evaluation, demonstrating that manually revised training data remains crucial for the quality of the generated CNs. Furthermore, multilingual data augmentation improves results over monolingual settings for structurally similar languages such as English and Spanish, while being detrimental for Basque, a language isolate. Similar findings occur in zero-shot crosslingual evaluations, where model transfer (fine-tuning in English and generating in a different target language) outperforms fine-tuning mT5 on machine translated data for Spanish but not for Basque. This provides an interesting insight into the asymmetry in the multilinguality of generative models, a challenging topic which is still open to research. Data and code will be made publicly available upon publication

Considerations on the nature of metaphorical meaning arising from a computational treatment of metaphor interpetation

This paper argues that there need not be a full correspondence between source and target domains when interpreting metaphors. Instead, inference is performed in the source domain, and conclusions transferred to the target. A description of a computer system, ATT-Meta, that partially implements these ideas is provided.</p

Considerations on the nature of metaphorical meaning arising from a computational treatment of metaphor interpetation

This paper argues that there need not be a full correspondence between source and target domains when interpreting metaphors. Instead, inference is performed in the source domain, and conclusions transferred to the target. A description of a computer system, ATT-Meta, that partially implements these ideas is provided.</p

Role of Steric Hindrance in the Crystal Packing of <i>Z</i>′ = 4 Superstructure of Trimethyltin Hydroxide

The room-temperature crystal structure of trimethyltin hydroxide, (CH₃)₃SnOH, has been described by Anderson et al. [<i>Cryst. Growth Des.</i> <b>2011</b>, <i>11</i>, 820–826] as a 2<b>a</b> × 2<b>b</b> × 8<b>c</b>, 32-fold superstructure. We report a <b>a</b> × <b>b</b> × 8<b>c</b>, eight-fold superstructure with orthorhombic <i>P</i>2₁<i>cn</i> symmetry and <i>Z</i>′ = 4. Structured diffuse scattering observed at the positions of presumed superlattice reflections along <b>a</b>* and <b>b</b>* might have appeared as Bragg reflections in the experiment by Anderson et al. Alternatively, Anderson et al. and the present work might have studied different polymorphs of (CH₃)₃SnOH. Crystalline (CH₃)₃SnOH constitutes polymeric chains arranged parallel to <b>c</b>. In the eight-fold superstructure at 220 K, the polymeric chains possess a distorted zigzag arrangement of linked linear O–Sn–O units with bent angle at oxygen of ∼139.2°. This structure is essentially different from the 8₃-helical arrangement in the published 32-fold superstructure model. The origin of the distorted zigzag structure is explained by steric hindrance between hydrogen atoms of adjacent hydroxy groups and (CH₃)₃Sn groups. Frustration in the packing of the chains is determined by steric hindrance between methyl groups of neighboring chains, which prevents the formation of interchain C–H···O hydrogen bonds