Emergent Collectivity in Nuclei and Enhanced Proton-Neutron Interactions

Enhanced proton-neutron interactions occur in heavy nuclei along a trajectory of approximately equal numbers of valence protons and neutrons. This is also closely aligned with the trajectory of the saturation of quadrupole deformation. The origin of these enhanced p-n interactions is discussed in terms of spatial overlaps of proton and neutron wave functions that are orbit-dependent. It is suggested for the first time that nuclear collectivity is driven by synchronized filling of protons and neutrons with orbitals having parallel spins, identical orbital and total angular momenta projections, belonging to adjacent major shells and differing by one quantum of excitation along the z-axis. These results may lead to a new approach to symmetry-based theoretical calculations for heavy nuclei.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

The Vascular Flora of a Transect Across the Beaver Creek Wetlands, Greene County, Ohio

Author Institution: Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State UniversityDuring the 1989 growing season we surveyed part of the Beaver Creek Wetlands in Greene County, OH, to describe and catalog the vegetation and to determine if a transect oriented through the study site satisfied the mandatory technical criteria for vegetation used by Federal agencies to delineate wetlands. We established 14 plots along the transect and compiled a list of the species occurring within the plots and throughout the rest of the study site. We identified 198 species, including five species on the Ohio list of threatened and endangered species. A majority of species occurring within the study site were classified as hydrophytes. A wetland index was calculated for each plot using weighted percentages of vegetation indicator-categories. Wetland-index values, which expressed changes in wetland character (degree and duration of soil saturation as reflected by proportions of hydrophytes and nonhydrophytes occurring in the plots), were significantly correlated with first-axis scores from a detrended correspondence analysis (DECORANA). This correlation indicated that DECORANA first-axis scores also reflected changes in wetland character along the transect. The wetland index also identified areas that showed a tendency towards seasonal or spatial transition between wetland and nonwetland. According to federal criteria, wetland areas included the 12 interior plots along the transect and part of plot 14, while nonwetland areas included plot 1 and most of plot 14

Determining Longwave Radiative Properties Of Flat Shading Materials

Solar gain through fenestration has a significant impact on building peak load and annual energy consumption. Shading devices, attached to fenestration, offer a cost effective strategy in controlling solar gain. The performance of a particular shading device is dependent on solar optical and longwave radiative properties of the device. The current study considers longwave properties of three flat shading materials; drapery fabrics, insect screens and roller blinds. Each of these materials consists of a structure (i.e., yarn, wire, sheet) that is opaque with respect to longwave (infrared) radiation and each material is likely to have some openness. Material emittance and longwave transmittance measurements were taken with an infrared reflectometer using two backing surfaces. The results show emittance and longwave transmittance to be simple functions of openness, emittance and longwave transmittance of the structure. This is especially useful because openness can be determined from solar transmittance measurements while emittance and longwave transmittance of the structure was found to be constant for each category of shading material.NSERC || ASHRA

A Simplified Method For Calculating The Effective Solar Optical Properties Of a Drapery

The use of draperies to control solar gain through windows is common in residential and commercial buildings and their potential for reduction of building peak load and annual energy consumption is recognized to be large. Thus, there is a strong need for models that allow a drapery to be included in glazing system analysis. As an approximation, the drapery is modelled as a series of uniformly arranged rectangular pleats with fabric transmitting and reflecting diffusely any incident radiation. The “effective” solar optical properties of the drapery are then determined by considering an enclosure which is representative of the entire series of pleats. The optical properties of the drapery are functions of the pleat geometry and the optical properties of the fabric. Optical properties are also influenced by the directional nature of the incident radiation. In the case of incident beam radiation, the results are presented as a function of the solar profile angle for a folding ratio corresponding to 100% fullness. The results for incident diffuse radiation on the other hand are presented in terms of fabric properties and the folding ratio of the drapery.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Graduate Scholarship to N.A. Kotey || ASHRAE 1311-TR

Determining Off-Normal Solar Optical Properties of Roller Blinds

© 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions 2009, vol. 115, part 1. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.Solar gain through fenestration constitutes a significant portion of peak cooling load and annual energy consumption in buildings. As such, any reduction in solar gain translates into savings associated with the cost of purchasing and operating cooling equipment. Shading devices in general, and roller blinds in particular, can be used to reduce solar gain appreciably. The performance of a roller blind is largely determined by its solar optical properties. In this study, an integrating sphere was used to obtain off-normal solar properties of six typical roller blind samples. Measurements were used to develop semi-empirical models for the off-normal beam-beam, beam-diffuse, and diffuse-diffuse solar optical properties. The models provide a means to calculate off-normal properties by adjusting known values of beam-beam transmittance (i.e., openness), beam-total transmittance, and beam-total reflectance measured at normal incidence. The properties that apply to normal incidence are readily obtained. Such models are valuable components of building energy simulation software.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council || ASHRAE 1311-TR

Determining Off-Normal Solar Optical Properties of Insect Screens

© 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions 2009, vol. 115, part 1. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.Shading attachments may have a strong influence on solar gain. The determination of off-normal solar optical properties of individual layers of glazing/shading systems is required in order to estimate this solar gain, which influences building peak load and annual energy consumption. Recently, a unique test method was developed for the experimental determination of off-normal solar optical properties of flat shading devices (e.g., drapery fabrics and roller blinds). The study described in this research applies the same method to insect screens. More specifically, semi-empirical models were developed from measured data, obtained at varying angles of incidence using an integrating sphere installed in a spectrophotometer. The measurements were taken on six samples of screen material with various mesh sizes and wire reflectances. The measured data were compared with analytical models recently developed from geometry and ray tracing techniques. The results of this study demonstrate the reliability of using special sample holders attached to an integrating sphere to obtain off-normal solar optical properties of flat shading materials.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada || American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

A Detailed Model to Determine the Effective Solar Optical Properties of Draperies

© 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions 2009, vol. 115, part 1. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.Drapes have the potential to reduce peak cooling load and annual energy consumption because they can be used to control solar gain. Thus, the need to model a drapes in a glazing system analysis is important. A detailed model that can be used to estimate the spatially averaged (effective) solar optical properties of a drapery is presented. This model approximates a drapery as a series of uniformly arranged rectangular pleats. The effective solar optical properties of the drapery are then determined by considering a representative enclosure. The solar properties of the fabric are incidence angle dependent, and the effects of beam and diffuse components, in both reflection and transmission, are included. Furthermore, the model can be applied to fabrics with differing front and back properties. The model therefore offers new possibilities in calculating the effective solar optical properties of draperies made with practically any fabric. Results are presented for both incident beam and diffuse radiation.Natural Science and Engineering Research Council || American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc

Determining Off-Normal Solar Optical Properties of Drapery Fabrics

© 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions 2009, vol. 115, part 2. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.The determination of off-normal solar optical properties of drapery fabrics is particularly useful in modelling the effective solar optical properties of pleated drapery. Special sample holders were designed and fabricated to facilitate measurements using an integrating sphere installed in a commercially available spectrophotometer. Measurements were taken for eight of the nine fabric designations documented in the ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals. Measurements were also obtained for a sheer fabric which does not fall into any of the customary fabric designations. Semi-empirical models were developed to quantify the variation of solar optical properties with respect to incidence angle. Given solar optical properties obtained at normal incidence, these models can be used to characterize the off-normal beam-beam and beam-diffuse properties of a drapery fabric. The fabric models comprise a useful component of pleated drapery models and, in turn, a valuable tool for building energy simulation. The measurement technique described in this study can be used to obtain the off-normal solar optical properties of additional flat shading devices such as roller blinds and insect screens.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) || ASHRA

A method for determining the effective longwave radiative properties of pleated draperies

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in HVAC&R Research on October 1, 2011, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10789669.2011.591257Draperies, attached to fenestration, offer a cost-effective strategy in controlling solar gain since draperies have the potential to reduce building peak load and annual energy consumption. The performance of a drapery is dependent on its solar optical and longwave radiative properties. The current study considers the determination of spatially averaged (effective) longwave radiative properties of draperies. As a first step, the longwave properties of fabrics were obtained by taking measurements with an infrared reflectometer using two backing surfaces. The measurement results enabled simple equations to be developed relating emittance and longwave transmittance to openness, emittance, and longwave transmittance of the fabric structure. In turn, the effective longwave properties of a pleated drapery are modeled using a net radiation scheme with fabric longwave properties as input. The model approximates a drapery as a series of uniformly arranged rectangular pleats. The effective longwave properties of the pleated drapery are calculated by considering an enclosure that is representative of the entire series of pleats. The longwave properties of the drapery are functions of only pleat geometry and openness of the fabric. The model compares favorably with expected trends and limits. The effect of pleating (folding ratio) is also examined.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Postdoctoral Fellowship to N.A. Kote

Solar Gain through Windows with Shading Devices: Simulation Versus Measurement

© 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions 2009, vol. 115, part 2. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission.Shading devices offer a cost saving strategy in dynamically controlling solar gain through windows. As such, there is an ongoing effort to accurately quantify the thermal performance of shading devices. In the present study, solar gain through various shading devices attached to a conventional double glazed window was measured using the National Solar Test Facility (NSTF) solar simulator and solar calorimeter. The shading devices include two venetian blinds, a roller blind, a pleated drape and an insect screen. More specifically, the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) and the solar transmittance, tsys, of each system were measured; and the interior attenuation coefficient (IAC) was calculated from the SHGC measurements. Furthermore, SHGC, tsys and IAC were calculated for the same experimental conditions using models developed for building energy simulation and performance rating. The calculations agreed very well with the measurements.NRCan (Natural Resources Canada) || NSERC (Natural Scienes and Engineering Research Council Canada) || ASHRA