Efeito do sexo, peso da carcaça e grau de maturidade nos tecidos da carcaça de cabritos serranos

O objectivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito do sexo, do peso da carcaça e do grau de maturidade na proporção dos tecidos e em algumas medidas lineares da carcaça em cabritos de raça Serrana. Para o efeito foram utilizados 60 cabritos (31 machos e 29 fêmeas), com peso de carcaça compreendido entre os 4 e os 8 kg, o que correspondeu a grau de maturidade entre os 18 e os 44% para as fêmeas e entre 14 e 37% para os machos. Os cabritos foram abatidos no matadouro comercial do cachão (Mirandela) após 24 horas de jejum, e as carcaças foram refrigeradas durante 24 horas, após o qual foram transportadas para o Laboratório de Tecnologia e Qualidade da Carcaça e da Carne na Escola Superior Agrária de Bragança. Previamente à desmancha das carcaças, efectuada de acordo com o corte da Estação Zootécnica Nacional, foram efectuadas as medidas lineares de conformação da carcaça. As fêmeas apresentaram maior (P<0,05) proporção de gordura intermuscular e de gordura pélvica e renal, e menor (P<0,05) proporção de osso do que os machos. Com aumento do peso da carcaça observou-se um aumento (P<0,05) dos depósitos adiposos e de todas as medidas lineares de conformação, e uma diminuição (P<0,05) da proporção de osso. O covariável apresentou um efeito significativo (P<0,05) na proporção de gordura subcutânea, na proporção de gordura intermuscular e na proporção de osso. A correcção para igual estádio de maturidade provocou uma maior aproximação das médias ajustadas entre machos e fêmeas, do que quando a comparação é efectuada para igual peso da carcaça

Subjective measurements of fat cover and kidney knob and channel fat for predicting leg and rib tissue composition of Blanca Celtibérica kids.

CCW, the assess of FC on two scores (1-5) and (1-15) and the assess of KKCF amount on two scores (1-3) and (1-9) were used as predictors of leg and rib tissue composition of 31 Blanca Celtibérica kids, with an average CCW of 6,9± 2,1 Kg. Proportionately 97% of the variation in muscle weight was accounted for by variation in CCW and the inclusion of KKCF amount scored from 1 to 9 improve the precision of the prediction 1%, reducing the RSD in 11,8%. The inclusion of KKCF amount (scored 1-3) did not improve the precision of the rib muscle composition but reduced the RSD in 6,2%. In relation to bone composition of both joints, 95% and 73% of the variation of the leg and rib bone weight, respectively were accounted for by variation on CCW. The 87 and 85% of the leg and rib fat weight variation were accounted for by variation in CCW associated with fat score (1-15) and KKCF amount (1-3) with a RSD of 17 and 32,4 g, respectively. El peso canal fría, grado de engrasamiento con dos escalas de (1-5) y de (1-15) puntos y cantidad de grasa pélvico renal con dos escalas de puntuación (1-3) y (1-9) fueron utilizados como predictores de la composición tisular de la pierna y costillar de 31 cabritos de raza Blanca Celtibérica, con una media de peso canal fría de 6,9± 2,1 Kg. La variación del peso canal fría explicó el 97% de la variación en el peso del músculo de ambas piezas y la entrada en el modelo de la cantidad de grasa pélvico renal (1-9) incrementó un 1% la precisión de la estimación del peso del músculo del costillar con una reducción asociada del RSD de un 11,8%. A su vez la entrada en la ecuación de predicción del peso del músculo del costillar, de la cantidad de grasa pélvico renal (1-3) no mejoró la precisión de la estimación, pero sí que supuso un 6,2% de reducción del RSD. Respecto a la predicción del peso del hueso en ambas piezas, el 95% de la variación en el peso del mismo en la pierna, fue explicado por la variación en el peso de la canal fría, mientras que la variación en el peso de esta misma variable tan solo explicó el 73% de la variación en el peso del hueso del costillar. Finalmente, la variación del peso canal fría, engrasamiento (1-15) y cantidad de grasa pélvico renal (1-3) explicó el 87 y 85% de la variación en el peso de la grasa total de la pierna y costillar con unas RSD asociadas de 17,0 y 32,4 g, respectivamente

Medidas subjetivas del grado de engrasamiento y cantidad de grasa pélvico renal para predecir la composición tisular de la espalda, cuello y bajos de cabritos Blanco Celtibéricos

CCW, the assess of FC on two scores (1-5) and (1-15) and the assess of KKCF amount on two scores (1-3) and (1-9) were used as predictors of shoulder, neck and flank plus breast tissue composition of 31 Blanca Celtibérica kids, with an average CCW of 6,9± 2,1 Kg. Proportionately 97, 91 and 92% of the variation in muscle weight of shoulder, neck and flank plus breast, respectively were accounted for by variation in CCW. The variation in CCW also explained 96, 49 and 86% of the variation of shoulder, neck and flank plus breast bone tissue composition. The inclusion in the prediction equation for neck bone weight of FC (1-15), increase the precision in 7% and reduced the RSD in 5,7%. Finally the variation in CCW and FC (1-15) explained 87, 76 and 90% of the variation in fat weight of shoulder, neck and flank plus breast, respectively. Nevertheless the inclusion of KKCF amount (1-3) in the prediction equations of fat weight of shoulder and flank plus breast increase the precision in 2% and reduced the RSD in 6,1 and 10,2%, respectively. El peso canal fría, grado de engrasamiento con dos escalas de (1-5) y de (1-15) puntos y cantidad de grasa pélvico renal con dos escalas de puntuación (1-3) y (1-9) fueron utilizados como predictores de la composición tisular de la espalda, cuello y bajos de 31 cabritos de raza Blanca Celtibérica, con una media de peso canal fría de 6,9± 2,1 Kg. La variación del peso canal fría explicó el 97, 91 y 92% de la variación en el peso del músculo de la espalda, cuello y bajos respectivamente. Así mismo, la variación del peso canal fría explicó el 96, 49 y 86% de la variación en el peso del hueso de las mismas piezas y en el mismo orden. No obstante la entrada en la ecuación de predicción del peso del hueso del cuello, del engrasamiento (1-15) mejoró la precisión de la estimación en 7 puntos porcentuales, con una reducción del RSD asociado del 5,7%. Finalmente la variación del peso canal fría y engrasamiento (1-15) explicó el 87, 76 y 90% de la variación en el peso de la grasa total de la espalda, cuello y bajos. No obstante la entrada en la ecuación de predicción de la cantidad de grasa pélvico renal (1-3), mejoró la precisión de la estimación de la variación del peso de la grasa total de la espalda y bajos en un 2%, con una reducción del RSD asociado de un 6,1 y 10,2% respectivamente

Chemists’ knowledge object. Formulation, modification and abandonment of iconic model

This article presents an analysis of different perspectives in regards to chemistry scientific statute. The category of scientific model was considered to characterize the proposal and development of technological-iconic model. It was necessary to have a look at the time in which the introduction of analogical and symbolic models was indispensable to modify the initial model. It also established the way in which the technological-iconic model can be a didactic foundation to lead secondary students towards Chemistry as one of the natural sciences

Efecto del sexo, tipo de nacimiento y edad de la madre en el crecimiento de corderos de la raza Churra Galega Bragançana

EI objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar eI efecto sexo, tipo de nacimiento y de la edad de la madre sobre peso al nacer y el peso a los 30, 60 y 90 días de edad

Public education program for the Seneca Park Zoo

None provided

Características de la canal y calidad instrumental de la carne en cabritos y corderos lechales

Meat from very young, milk-fed, small ruminants is an appreciated product in Mediterranean countries where milk is the main product derived from the herds. Nevertheless, many aspects of the quality of the products are virtually unknown for many goat breeds, especially among those that are reared for their meat. In this study, the quality from 50 animals from 5 local goat breeds (one dairy purpose and 4 meat purpose) and 19 lambs (from Churra, a dairy breed) was compared at commercial cold carcass weights of 4.4-6.6 kg. Carcass quality, ultimate pH and meat colour were assessed following standard procedures. Statistical differences (p < 0.05) were found in all of the variables analysed. Some of these differences might have been due to the influence of the genotype, the dam’s production potential, or differences in carcass weight and age, but most were species dependent. Lambs differed from the kids, especially from those of meat purpose breeds, due to their high proportion of bone (25.0 vs. 21.3 to 23.7%), and a more intense meat colour (higher hue: 29.2 vs. 23.4 to 28.7, and chroma: 14.6 vs. 12.1 to 14.6). Among the goat breeds, Murciano Granadina (dairy breed) and Blanca Celtibérica (meat breed) were the most different in terms of carcass morphology, fatness, and meat colour. The other three local meat-purpose goat breeds (Moncaína, Negra Serrana, and Pirenaica) differed little. To obtain a better understanding of goat species, the differences among breeds, in kids or in their most common products, require further studies. Additional key words: carcass morphology; colour; goat; pH; sheep; tissue composition.La carne de lechal es muy apreciada en los países mediterráneos, en los que la leche es una producción fundamental. Además, muchos aspectos de los productos de las razas caprinas locales son prácticamente desconocidos. En este estudio se analizó la calidad de 50 animales de 5 razas caprinas (una lechera y 4 de aptitud cárnica) y de 19 corderos (raza Churra de tipo lechero), a pesos comerciales de 4,4-6,6 kg de canal fría. Se evaluaron la calidad de la canal, el pH último y el color de la carne, siguiendo metodologías estandarizadas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) en todas las variables analizadas. Algunas de estas diferencias se podrían justificar por diferencias raciales, potencial lechero de las madres o peso canal final, pero la mayor parte fueron debidas a la especie considerada. Los corderos fueron diferentes, especialmente de los cabritos de razas con orientación predominantemente cárnica, en la proporción de hueso (25,0 vs. 21,3-23,7%) y color de carne más intenso (superiores valores de tono: 29,2 vs. 23,4-28,7 y saturación: 14,6 vs. 12,1-14,6). Entre las razas caprinas, la Murciano Granadina (raza de aptitud lechera) y la Blanca Celtibérica (raza cárnica) fueron las más diferentes en morfología de la canal, engrasamiento y color de carne. Las otras tres razas de aptitud cárnica (Moncaína, Negra Serrana y Pirenaica) fueron poco diferentes entre sí. Para conocer mejor a la especie caprina, las diferencias entre razas y la calidad de sus productos, son necesarios una mayor cantidad de estudios

Height and timing of growth spurt during puberty in young people living with vertically acquired HIV in Europe and Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe growth during puberty in young people with vertically acquired HIV. DESIGN: Pooled data from 12 paediatric HIV cohorts in Europe and Thailand. METHODS: One thousand and ninety-four children initiating a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or boosted protease inhibitor based regimen aged 1-10 years were included. Super Imposition by Translation And Rotation (SITAR) models described growth from age 8 years using three parameters (average height, timing and shape of the growth spurt), dependent on age and height-for-age z-score (HAZ) (WHO references) at antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Multivariate regression explored characteristics associated with these three parameters. RESULTS: At ART initiation, median age and HAZ was 6.4 [interquartile range (IQR): 2.8, 9.0] years and -1.2 (IQR: -2.3 to -0.2), respectively. Median follow-up was 9.1 (IQR: 6.9, 11.4) years. In girls, older age and lower HAZ at ART initiation were independently associated with a growth spurt which occurred 0.41 (95% confidence interval 0.20-0.62) years later in children starting ART age 6 to 10 years compared with 1 to 2 years and 1.50 (1.21-1.78) years later in those starting with HAZ less than -3 compared with HAZ at least -1. Later growth spurts in girls resulted in continued height growth into later adolescence. In boys starting ART with HAZ less than -1, growth spurts were later in children starting ART in the oldest age group, but for HAZ at least -1, there was no association with age. Girls and boys who initiated ART with HAZ at least -1 maintained a similar height to the WHO reference mean. CONCLUSION: Stunting at ART initiation was associated with later growth spurts in girls. Children with HAZ at least -1 at ART initiation grew in height at the level expected in HIV negative children of a comparable age