Adverse Drug Reactions in Children—A Systematic Review

Adverse drug reactions in children are an important public health problem. We have undertaken a systematic review of observational studies in children in three settings: causing admission to hospital, occurring during hospital stay and occurring in the community. We were particularly interested in understanding how ADRs might be better detected, assessed and avoided

Identified charged-hadron production in pp++Al, 3^3He++Au, and Cu++Au collisions at sNN=200\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200 GeV and in U++U collisions at sNN=193\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=193 GeV

The PHENIX experiment has performed a systematic study of identified charged-hadron ($\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$, $p$, $\bar{p}$) production at midrapidity in $p$$+$Al, $^3$He$+$Au, Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV and U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=193$ GeV. Identified charged-hadron invariant transverse-momentum ($p_T$) and transverse-mass ($m_T$) spectra are presented and interpreted in terms of radially expanding thermalized systems. The particle ratios of $K/\pi$ and $p/\pi$ have been measured in different centrality ranges of large (Cu$+$Au, U$+$U) and small ($p$$+$Al, $^3$He$+$Au) collision systems. The values of $K/\pi$ ratios measured in all considered collision systems were found to be consistent with those measured in $p$$+$$p$ collisions. However the values of $p/\pi$ ratios measured in large collision systems reach the values of $\approx0.6$, which is $\approx2$ times larger than in $p$$+$$p$ collisions. These results can be qualitatively understood in terms of the baryon enhancement expected from hadronization by recombination. Identified charged-hadron nuclear-modification factors ($R_{AB}$) are also presented. Enhancement of proton $R_{AB}$ values over meson $R_{AB}$ values was observed in central $^3$He$+$Au, Cu$+$Au, and U$+$U collisions. The proton $R_{AB}$ values measured in $p$$+$Al collision system were found to be consistent with $R_{AB}$ values of $\phi$, $\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$, and $\pi^0$ mesons, which may indicate that the size of the system produced in $p$$+$Al collisions is too small for recombination to cause a noticeable increase in proton production.Comment: 480 authors from 78 institutions, 18 pages, 6 tables, 16 figures. v2 is version accepted for publication in Physical Review C. HEPdata tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

Measurement of ϕ\phi-meson production in Cu++Au at sNN=200\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200 GeV and U++U at sNN=193\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=193 GeV

The PHENIX experiment reports systematic measurements at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider of $\phi$-meson production in asymmetric Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=200 GeV and in U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=193 GeV. Measurements were performed via the $\phi\rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}$ decay channel at midrapidity $|\eta|<0.35$. Features of $\phi$-meson production measured in Cu$+$Cu, Cu$+$Au, Au$+$Au, and U$+$U collisions were found to not depend on the collision geometry, which was expected because the yields are averaged over the azimuthal angle and follow the expected scaling with nuclear-overlap size. The elliptic flow of the $\phi$ meson in Cu$+$Au, Au$+$Au, and U$+$U collisions scales with second order participant eccentricity and the length scale of the nuclear overlap region (estimated with the number of participating nucleons). At moderate $p_T$, $\phi$-meson production measured in Cu$+$Au and U$+$U collisions is consistent with coalescence-model predictions, whereas at high $p_T$ the production is in agreement with expectations for in-medium energy loss of parent partons prior to their fragmentation. The elliptic flow for $\phi$ mesons measured in Cu$+$Au and U$+$U collisions is well described by a (2+1)D viscous-hydrodynamic model with specific-shear viscosity $\eta/s=1/4\pi$.Comment: 411 authors from 76 institutions, 16 pages, 12 figures, 9 tables, 2012 data. v1 is version submitted to Physical Review C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

Systematic study of nuclear effects in p+Al, p+Au, d+Au, and 3He+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV using π 0 production

The PHENIX collaboration presents a systematic study of inclusive π 0 production from p+p, p+Al, p+Au, d+Au, and 3He+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV. Measurements were performed with different centrality selections as well as the total inelastic, 0%–100%, selection for all collision systems. For 0%–100% collisions, the nuclear-modification factors, RxA, are consistent with unity for pT above 8 GeV/c, but exhibit an enhancement in peripheral collisions and a suppression in central collisions. The enhancement and suppression characteristics are similar for all systems for the same centrality class. It is shown that for high-pT -π 0 production, the nucleons in the d and 3He interact mostly independently with the Au nucleus and that the counter intuitive centrality dependence is likely due to a physical correlation between multiplicity and the presence of a hard scattering process. These observations disfavor models where parton energy loss has a significant contribution to nuclear modifications in small systems. Nuclear modifications at lower pT resemble the Cronin effect – an increase followed by a peak in central or inelastic collisions and a plateau in peripheral collisions. The peak height has a characteristic ordering by system size as p+Au > d+Au > 3He+Au > p+Al. For collisions with Au ions, current calculations based on initial state cold nuclear matter effects result in the opposite order, suggesting the presence of other contributions to nuclear modifications, in particular at lower pT

Jet modification via π 0 -hadron correlations in Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV

High-momentum two-particle correlations are a useful tool for studying jet-quenching effects in the quark-gluon plasma. Angular correlations between neutral-pion triggers and charged hadrons with transverse momenta in the range 4–12 GeV/c and 0.5–7 GeV/c, respectively, have been measured by the PHENIX experiment in 2014 for Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV. Suppression is observed in the yield of high-momentum jet fragments opposite the trigger particle, which indicates jet suppression stemming from in-medium partonic energy loss, while enhancement is observed for low-momentum particles. The ratio and differences between the yield in Au+Au collisions and p+p collisions, IAA and ∆AA, as a function of the trigger-hadron azimuthal separation, ∆ϕ, are measured for the first time at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. These results better quantify how the yield of low-pT associated hadrons is enhanced at wide angle, which is crucial for studying energy loss as well as medium-response effects

Charm- and Bottom-Quark Production in Au++Au Collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}} = 200 GeV

The invariant yield of electrons from open-heavy-flavor decays for $1<p_T<8$ GeV/$c$ at midrapidity $|y|<0.35$ in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV has been measured by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. A displaced-vertex analysis with the PHENIX silicon-vertex detector enables extraction of the fraction of charm and bottom hadron decays and unfolding of the invariant yield of parent charm and bottom hadrons. The nuclear-modification factors $R_{AA}$ for electrons from charm and bottom hadron decays and heavy-flavor hadrons show both a centrality and a quark-mass dependence, indicating suppression in the quark-gluon plasma produced in these collisions that is medium sized and quark-mass dependent.Comment: 335 authors from 71 institutions, 16 pages, 17 figures, 2014 data. Submitted to Physical Review C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

Nonprompt direct-photon production in Au++Au collisions at sNN=200\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200 GeV

The measurement of the direct-photon spectrum from Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV is presented by the PHENIX collaboration using the external-photon-conversion technique for 0\%--93\% central collisions in a transverse-momentum ($p_T$) range of 0.8--10 GeV/$c$. An excess of direct photons, above prompt-photon production from hard-scattering processes, is observed for $p_T<6$ GeV/$c$. Nonprompt direct photons are measured by subtracting the prompt component, which is estimated as $N_{\rm coll}$-scaled direct photons from $p$$+$$p$ collisions at 200 GeV, from the direct-photon spectrum. Results are obtained for $0.8<p_T<6.0$ GeV/$c$ and suggest that the spectrum has an increasing inverse slope from ${\approx}0.2$ to 0.4 GeV/$c$ with increasing $p_T$, which indicates a possible sensitivity of the measurement to photons from earlier stages of the evolution of the collision. In addition, like the direct-photon production, the $p_T$-integrated nonprompt direct-photon yields also follow a power-law scaling behavior as a function of collision-system size. The exponent, $\alpha$, for the nonprompt component is found to be consistent with 1.1 with no apparent $p_T$ dependence.Comment: 336 authors from 71 institutions, 26 pages, 30 figures, 4 tabels, 2014 data. Submitted to Physical Review C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

Azadirachta indica – Therapeutic Potential in Oro Dental Conditions

Azadirachta indica is an evergreen tree and has been known as a traditional medicinal plant in India. It has several beneficial properties and therapeutic effects like antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anthelminticand anti-inflammatory properties. Neem is indeed a „wonder tree‟ as various constituents of neem have been used in medicine, public health, agriculture and beauty products. Innumerable studies have been done in diabetes, cancer and malaria, to name a few. Neem has been used since ages to maintain the Oro dental health, especially in our country as a substitute for toothbrush

Withania somnifera as an antistress herb

Stress, anxiety and depression have become common terms and are being used by todays’ society so frequently that it appears as though nearly everyone has been affected by the same in some or the other way, irrespective of the age, sex, occupation or socio-economic status. The management of stress and anxiety therefore has become one of the important concerns, as finding peace and happiness is what all are striving for in this stressed-out era, and wherever people see a ray of hope to alleviate stress, the society is ready to go for the same. Stress is the cause of various illnesses ranging from psychiatric to chronic diseases like hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Studies have shown that some ayurvedic herbs act like adaptogens which increase resistance during stress. The adaptogens improve the response to stress and helps an individual to adapt by maintaining internal homeostasis in stressful situation. Withania somnifera, also known as Ashwagandha has been mentioned in Ayurveda and indigenous medical system for over 3000 years. It is also known as the Indian ginseng, as it is comparable to Panax Ginseng as an anti-stress herb