Mechanisms into the development of fatty liver disease: role of free fatty acids and alcohol

Background: Alcohol and Free fatty acids such as palmitate are known to promote liver injury. However less mechanistic information is available regarding omega fatty acids ratios with/out alcohol. In healthy populations omega 6/3 ratios are between 1:1 to 4:1, whereas high ratios (>15:1) are thought to correlate with the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease. This study aimed to investigate liver lipotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction due to imbalanced omega 6/3 ratios alone or in the presence of alcohol. Method: Human hepatoma cell line, VL-17A cells were treated with individual fatty acids (Palmitic (PA), Stearic (SA), Linoleic (LA), alpha-Linolenic (ALA), Arachidonic (AA) and Docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids) with various concentrations ranging between 0.5 μM to 300 μM and omega 6/3 ratios (1:1, 4:1, 15:1 and 25:1) with/out alcohol (100 mM) for 24, 48 and 72 h after which lipid accumulation and cell toxicity was assessed. Subsequent studies at 24 hr examined oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and lipogenic proteins. Results: PA treatment showed a detrimental effect on cell viability and lipid accumulation than SA after 48 h and 72 h (P0.05), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) did not show any change. AA/DHA ratios also showed a significant decrease in ATP production (P<0.01), basal respiration, maximal respiration and spare mitochondrial capacity and this effect was greater with high ratios (P<0.001). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production increased significantly, particularly with high AA/DHA ratios (15:1 and 25:1) (P<0.001) alone and in the presence of alcohol (P<0.01). Conclusion: The data suggests that lipid accumulation and toxicity occur with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and high omega 6/3 ratios. The latter possibly due to the pro-inflammatory products of AA. This study confirms that high AA/DHA ratios with/out alcohol increase ROS production and high AA/DHA alone induce mitochondrial dysfunction and increase lipogenesis pathways by activating lipogenic factors causing steatosis and consequently promoting the development of fatty liver disease. Further work aims to elucidate the effect of fatty acid/alcohol on lipid synthetic and endocannabinoid pathways, which will further our understanding of fatty liver disease development

First derivative prediction of raw broiler shear force using visible short wave near infrared spectroscopy

A non-destructive,fast, reliable and low cost technique which is Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is required to replace conventional destructive texture analyser in shear force measurement. The combination of visible and shortwave near infrared (VIS-SWNIR) spectrometer and principal component regression (PCR) to assess the quality attribute of raw broiler meat texture (shear force value (kg)) was investigated. Wavelength region of visible and shortwave 662-1005 nm was selected for prediction after pre-processing. Absorbance spectra was pre-processed using the optimal Savitzky-Golay smoothing mode with 1st order derivative, 2nd degree polynomial and 31 filter points to remove the baseline shift effect. Potential outliers were identified through externally studentised residual approach. The PCR model were trained with 90 samples in calibration and validated with 44 samples in prediction datasets. From the PCR analysis, correlation coefficient of calibration (RC), the root mean square calibration (RMSEC), correlation coefficient of prediction (RP) and the root mean square prediction (RMSEP) of visible and shortwave (662-1005 nm) with 4 principal components were 0.4645,0.0898, 0.4231 and 0.0945. The predicted results can be improved by applying the 2nd order derivative and the non-linear model

Tradisi Keilmuan Islam Di Perguruan Tinggi Umum Suatu Tinjauan Di Bidang Hukum Islam Dan Pranata Sosial

Islamic studies at public universities is essentially hassimilarities with the Islamic material in Islamicuniversities, but more general, which developed intoseveral faculties and programs. However, the aim is tomake the students have a broad knowledge of Islam, aprofound awareness of the attitudes and behaviors, asMuslims and citizens of Republic of Indonesia. Islam as adoctrine that contains legal and social institutions can beresearched from the religious approach and religiousstudies. However, religious studies will provide the scopeof the study, broader objectives, contextual, dynamic, andsolutions to the development of people's lives. Theexcellent research in the field of Islamic law are to bedone and developed by academics (lecturers) andresearchers by using variety methodological approaches,especially qualitative. For that, there needs to be asynergistic networking among public universities andreligious universities in improving the quality of Tridarma,in education and teaching of Islamic education, as well asresearch and community service

Nonlinear screening and stopping power in two-dimensional electron gases

We have used density functional theory to study the nonlinear screening properties of a two-dimensional (2D) electron gas. In particular, we consider the screening of an external static point charge of magnitude Z as a function of the distance of the charge from the plane of the gas. The self-consistent screening potentials are then used to determine the 2D stopping power in the low velocity limit based on the momentum transfer cross-section. Calculations as a function of Z establish the limits of validity of linear and quadratic response theory calculations, and show that nonlinear screening theory already provides significant corrections in the case of protons. In contrast to the 3D situation, we find that the nonlinearly screened potential supports a bound state even in the high density limit. This behaviour is elucidated with the derivation of a high density screening theorem which proves that the screening charge can be calculated perturbatively in the high density limit for arbitrary dimensions. However, the theorem has particularly interesting implications in 2D where, contrary to expectations, we find that perturbation theory remains valid even when the perturbing potential supports bound states.Comment: 23 pages, 15 figures in RevTeX

Consumer Acceptance Toward Freshwater Mussel (Pilsbryoconcha Exilis) Meatball

Pilsbryoconcha exilis is a type of freshwater mussel that commonly present in ponds in Sei Paku Village, Lipat Kain District, Riau Province. This research aims to understand the consumer acceptance on the P. exilis meatball. The meat of the mussel was used as main ingredient for the meatball. The mussel was taken from the Sei Paku area. There were 3 treatments applied, there were 150 g (K1), 200 g (K2), and 250 g (K3) mussel meat in 200 g mixed tapioca, wheat flour and egg. The meatball was flavoured with garlic, pepper and salt. Results shown that the best meatball was the K1. The organoleptic test results of this meatball (K1) was 94.6% for preference; 98.4% for texture; 90.2% for taste value, and 95% for aroma (the Duncan score were 3.49; 3.70; 3.42 and 3.41 respectively). The result of proximate analyss, however, shown that the best result was the K3, with 20.53 % protein content, 4.37% fat content, 1.29% ash content; 56.54 % water content and 17.25% carbohydrate content. In 1 gram meatball, the heavy metal (Pb and Cd) and mineral (Na, Fe, K, Ca) content were 0.0008 mg; 0.00002 mg and 0.034 mg; 0.025 mg; 0.019mg; 0.024 mg respectively

Glucose detection in blood using near-infrared spectroscopy: significant wavelength for glucose detection

World Health Organization (WHO) stated in 2004, about 347 million people suffered from diabetes and from this statistic, about 3.4 million died from the complication of kidney failure, heart attack, body part amputation and adequately reported suffered from blindness. There are several non-invasive techniques in measuring the blood glucose level developed nowadays and among the popular technique is the near-infrared (NIR) measurement, ultrasonic sensor implementation, multisensory systems, absorbance of transmittance, bio-impedance, voltage intensity, and thermography. Among these techniques, there are several approaches that displayed a lot of potential, nonetheless some of them have produced unsatisfying results. The NIR technique has been applied in some of previous research, however the wavelength used vary for different researcher. There are several points of views on the significant wavelength range that contains suitable information regarding the peaks of glucose in blood. This paper is focusing on the experimental data collection using the near-infrared spectroscopy technique. This paper furthermore discussing on determine the significant peaks of glucose that is suitable to be used as the indicator of the glucose in blood. The highest significant peaks of blood glucose detected from the range around 1450nm and 1930nm

Analysis of the biceps brachii muscle by varying the arm movement level and load resistance band

Biceps brachii muscle illness is one of the common physical disabilities that requires rehabilitation exercises in order to build up the strength of the muscle after surgery. It is also important to monitor the condition of the muscle during the rehabilitation exercise through electromyography (EMG) signals. The purpose of this study was to analyse and investigate the selection of the best mother wavelet (MWT) function and depth of the decomposition level in the wavelet denoising EMG signals through the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) method at each decomposition level. In this experimental work, six healthy subjects comprised of males and females (26 ± 3.0 years and BMI of 22 ± 2.0) were selected as a reference for persons with the illness. The experiment was conducted for three sets of resistance band loads, namely, 5 kg, 9 kg, and 16 kg, as a force during the biceps brachii muscle contraction. Each subject was required to perform three levels of the arm angle positions (30°, 90°, and 150°) for each set of resistance band load. The experimental results showed that the Daubechies5 (db5) was the most appropriate DWT method together with a 6-level decomposition with a soft heursure threshold for the biceps brachii EMG signal analysis