Bahan Aktif dalam Kombinasi Obat Flu dan Batuk-pilek, dan Pemilihan Obat Flu yang Rasional

Flu, salesma atau batuk pilek adalah infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA) akibat virus, merupakan self-limiting disease dan hanya memerlukan pengobatan simtomatik. Obat-obat yang digunakan adalah obat bebas, umumnya dalam bentuk kombinasi tetap, dengan komposisi zat aktif bervariasi. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengkaji bahan aktif dalam preparat flu kombinasi tetap dan pemilihan obat flu yang rasional. Kajian dilakukan secara cross-sectional dengan sumber data berasal dari 56 referensi berupa buku, panduan, jurnal/artikel on-line maupun publikasi tercetak, menggunakan kata kunci common cold, cough, over-the-counter drugs, non-prescription, self-medication, analgetics, sympathomimetics, antihistamines, decongestant, antibiotics, immunomodulators, food supplement, flu, dan batuk-pilek.Diperoleh sejumlah 191 preparat kombinasi tetap berbentuk tablet dan sirup yang diindikasikan untuk mengurangi gejala flu (common-cold), dengan komposisi zat aktif utama antihistamin dan dekongestan. Komponen tambahan lainnya adalah analgesik, antitusif, ekspektoran, stimulan. Kekuatan (strength) dosis tiap komponen masih sesuai dengan dosis yang direkomendasi, namun tercatat masih ada preparat dengan dosis dekongestan (fenilpropanolamin) yang lebih tinggi dari yang direkomendasi. Tidak ada preparat tunggal yang mampu mengatasi semua gejala flu sekaligus, sehingga preparat flu kombinasi menjadi pilihan utama. Dalam menggunakan preparat flu kombinasi perlu memilihproduk yang tepat dan rasional sesuai dengan gejala spesifik, karena kemungkinan tidak semua zat aktif dalam komposisi produk obat flu diperlukan oleh penderita.Kata kunci: flu, batuk-pilek, komposisi obat flu, simtomatik.AbstractFlu or common-cold is an acute upper respiratory tract infection mainly caused by virus, and a self-limiting disease which is requires only symptomatic treatments to alleviate the symptoms. Common-cold medication is usually an OTC drug and a fixed-dose combination of various active ingredients. The purpose of this paper is to review the active ingredients in cold medicines and how to select the medicines rationally. This review is conducted cross-sectional with data sources derived from 56 references in the form of books, guidelines, on-line journals/articles or printed publications, using the keywords: common cold, cough, over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, non-prescription, self-medication, analgesics,sympathomimetics, antihistamines, decongestants, antibiotics, immunomodulators, food supplements, flu, and batukpilek.It is obtained about 191 fixed-dose combination of tablet and syrup which is indicated for reducing the symptoms of common-cold. The main active ingredients of the fixed-dose combination are antihistamines and decongestants. An additional component is an analgesic, antitussive, expectorant and stimulant. The doses strength of each component isin accordance with the recommended dose, but noted there is still a dose preparation with decongestants (phenylpropanolamine) higher than recommended. No single cold preparations were able to overcome all the symptoms of flu at once, so the flu combination product becomes the primary of choice. When using a common-cold combinationproduct, it is important to select a product most suited to the individual and specific symptoms, as possibly not all the active ingredients are necessary for the patient.Keywords: flu, common-cold, composition of common-cold product, symptomati

Analisis Adulterasi Jamu Pegal Linu yang Diperoleh dari Pasar di Jakarta dan Sekitarnya (Analysis Of Adulterated Jamu Pegal Linu Obtained From The Market In Jakarta)

Background: “Jamu Pegal Linu” (traditional Indonesian herb for rheumatoid and gouty arthritis) is one of the mostpopular jamu products manufactured and widely consumed in the community. Despite the claims that they are made ofnatural herbs, these kinds of jamu are susceptible for being counterfeited and adulterated with drugs that is potentiallyharmful for health. The aim of this study was to identify medicinal adulteration in jamu pegal linu products obtained from the market in Jakarta and surroundings. Method: This study was an experimental laboratory in a cross-sectional design. About 450 samples of jamu pegal linu products were randomly chosen, and the products with different brands wereanalyzed for medicinal adulteration using a thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. Product labels of the adulterated jamu were also analyzed for the appropriateness of the product information. Results: Out of the 114 brands of jamu pegal linu analyzed, 52 samples (45.6%) were positive for medicinal. The medicinal types detected were paracetamol (30.7%), phenylbutazone (20.4%), piroxicam (7.1%) and mefenamic acid (3.5%). Two samples of jamu has been contaminated with molds and found damp. Of the 52 samples positive medicinal, 92.3% include the registration number and only 30.8% include the expiration date in the product labels. About 44.2% include the name of ingredients compositions written incorrectly in the labels. Conclusion: A. limited numbers of Jamu pegal linu products adulterated with medicinal still existed in the market

Pattern of Household Drug Storage

Household storage of pharmaceutical is world-widely practice, including in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to obtain the pattern of medicine storage, the sources and reasons of medicine kept in households. Acrosssectional survey was conducted on October 2011, involving 250 adult household respondents, randomly selected from three subdistricts in North Jakarta, and have approved the written consents, and interviewed with structured questionnaire. Data were performed in univariate and bivariate analysis with chi square test. The majority of household (82%) stored drugs at home; analgesic-antipyretic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory was the type of drugs kept by mostly (76.1%) of household. Out of 1001 stored drugs formulation encountered, about 31% were ethical drugs, mostly (64.8%) obtained from authorized pharmacies, purchased without prescription (71.9%), kept for future use (37.6%), and were leftover medicines (31.6%). Among the leftovers, 39.2% were ethical drugs including anti infective agents (31.5%). The leftover ethical medicines and anti infective agents could be indicated as inappropriate storage of pharmaceuticals and may lead to drug related problems.Penyimpanan obat di rumah tangga banyak dilakukan oleh masyarakat, namun tidak banyak informasi bagaimana obat disimpan dan digunakan oleh rumah tangga di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh data pola obat di rumah tangga, sumber mendapatkannya, dan alasan obat disimpan. Survei potong-lintang dilakukan pada Oktober 2011, melibatkan secara acak 250 responden rumah tangga dewasa dari tiga kecamatan di Jakarta Utara yang dipilih purposif dan bersedia diwawancarai dengan menandatangani informed consent. Kuesioner terstruktur digunakan untuk memperoleh data obat. Dilakukan analisis data univariat dan bivariat dengan uji kai kuadrat. Mayoritas responden (82%) menyimpan obat, dengan jenis obat terbanyak analgesik-antipiretik dan anti-inflamasi nonsteroid (76,1%). Dari 1001 produk obat yang disimpan, 31% adalah obat etikal. Sebagian besar obat tersebut (64,8%) diperoleh dari apotek, dibeli tanpa resep dokter (71,9%), dan sengaja disimpan untuk persediaan jika sakit (37,6%) serta merupakan obat sisa resep (31,6%). Diantara obat sisa resep, sejumlah 39,2% adalah obat etikal, diantaranya termasuk anti-infeksi (31,5%). Adanya penyimpanan obat sisa resep berupa obat etikal dan anti-infeksi menggambarkan penyimpanan obat yang irasional dan dapat memicu masalah terkait obat termasuk risiko terjadinya medication error

Proporsi Resistensi Ganda (Mdr) Tb Paru di Kabaupaten dan Kota Pekalongan Berdasarkan Survey

Multi-drug resistant (MDR) on tuberculosis (TB) becomes a threatening in the world, especially with the increasing of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Auto Immune Disease Syndroms (HIV/AIDS) cases. And for Indonesia, this could become a new public health problem. The Global Surveillance data on anti-tuberculosis drugs showed the MDR varied 0% to 22.1%. Indonesia is one of Asian countries that has not contributed to MDR data because the Indonesia (TB) Control Program has no accurate and neither recognized data. This research aimed to determine the proportion of MDR on TB. It was a cross sectional survey on Micobacterium tuberculosis resistance anti-tuberculosis drugs conducted in Pekalongan District and Pekalongan Municipality. We examined 200 patients' sputum by sputum smears and who had clinically TB positive. They were from all Health Centers (Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat) that implemented the TB program by TB treatment with DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse) strategy recommended in both areas,100% sampling of diagnostic centers. Results showed the proportions of MDR on TB were relatively low, either 2. 1 % in Pekalongan District (Kabupaten) or 4.3% in Pekalongan Municipality. The overall proportion of the MDR on TB in Pekalongan was 2.7%

Kerasionalan Penggunaan Obat Diare Yang Disimpan Di Rumah Tangga Di Indonesia

Diarrhea is a major health problem in developing countries. WHO data showed diarrhea caused the death of 2.5 million people, 80% are children under five years old. Riskesdas 2013 stated the prevalence of diarrhea in Indonesia is 7%, whereas 12.2% of it are children under five years old. Self-medication is common and access for the medicine is easy. This analysis aims to assess the rational use of diarrhea medication stored in households. The rational drug used is associated with the mother's education level and household ownership quintile. This study design is cross sectional. The data was taken from Riskesdas 2013 namely type of medicines (data from block VI), mother's education level data (from block IV) and economic status presented as household ownership quintile level (data from block IX). The result showed that the highest percentage of diarrhea drugs stored at household is adsorbents (40.4%), followed by antibiotic (22.4%) and traditional medicine (18.5%). Rationality of diarrhea medications stored in households is 74.7% and irrational (25.3)%). Wealthy people (quintiles 4 and 5) are 2.019 times more rational compared with the poor (quintiles 1, 2 and 3), while mothers with a good education (high school and above) are 1.944 times more rational in using medicine for diarrhea treatment compared with mothers with low education (below high school)

Eksplorasi Pelayanan Informasi Yang Dibutuhkan Konsumen Apotek Dan Kesiapan Apoteker Memberi Informasi Terutama Untuk Penyakit Kronik Dan Degeneratif

Currently, the prevalence of degenerative diseases in Indonesia is increased. The degenerative and chronic diseases need life-long treatment as well as changes in life style. On the other hand, long-life treatment using drugs will develop risks of adverse drug reactions or the possibilities of drug-drug interactions. In these circumstances, the role of a pharmacist is important to providing drug information and counselling, and patient education. However, there is evidence that pharmaceutical care in almost all pharmacies (drug dispensaries) in Indonesia is still “drug-oriented”. Drug information is not adequate and is provided by pharmacy assistants (technicians). In order to implement pharmaceutical care practice that meets the “Standard Competence for Pharmacy Practice” as well as consumer’s expectation, we need to know what is the exactly consumer’s expect in pharmaceutical care, particularly in drug information, and how is the commitment of the pharmacists to provide drug information of degenerative and chronic diseases in pharmaceutical care. For those reasons, a field survey has been carried out in Jakarta, Yogyakarta and Makassar to explore the consumer/patient’s opinions and needs for pharmaceutical care. A focus group discussion has also been done to explore the pharmacist commitment to provide drug information in pharmaceutical care practice. As a result, there is an indication of a discrepancy between the consumer/patient’s need for drug information and the commitment of pharmacists to provide drug information. Consumers have need for more drug information for all aspects including adverse drug reactions, drug interaction, what to do if adverse reaction occurred, duration of any treatments etc., not only drug indication and administration. On the other hand, pharmacists still need more knowledge and continuing education, particularly in pharmacotherapy and pharmacology of drugs used for degenerative and chronic diseases