Wind tunnel and analytical investigation of over-the-wing propulsion/air frame interferences for a short-haul aircraft at Mach numbers from 0.6 to 0.78

Results of analytical calculations and wind tunnel tests at cruise speeds of a representative four engine short haul aircraft employing upper surface blowing (USB) with a supercritical wing are discussed. Wind tunnel tests covered a range of Mach number M from 0.6 to 0.78. Tests explored the use of three USB nozzle configurations. Results are shown for the isolated wing body and for each of the three nozzle types installed. Experimental results indicate that a low angle nacelle and streamline contoured nacelle yielded the same interference drag at the design Mach number. A high angle powered lift nacelle had higher interference drag primarily because of nacelle boattail low pressures and flow separation. Results of varying the spacing between the nacelles and the use of trailing edge flap deflections, wing upper surface contouring, and a convergent-divergent nozzle to reduce potential adverse jet effects were also discussed. Analytical comparisons with experimental data, made for selected cases, indicate favorable agreement

Effects of relative humidity on aerosol light scattering in the Arctic

Aerosol particles experience hygroscopic growth in the ambient atmosphere. Their optical properties – especially the aerosol light scattering – are therefore strongly dependent on the ambient relative humidity (RH). In-situ light scattering measurements of long-term observations are usually performed under dry conditions (RH>30–40%). The knowledge of this RH effect is of eminent importance for climate forcing calculations or for the comparison of remote sensing with in-situ measurements. This study combines measurements and model calculations to describe the RH effect on aerosol light scattering for the first time for aerosol particles present in summer and fall in the high Arctic. For this purpose, a field campaign was carried out from July to October 2008 at the Zeppelin station in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. The aerosol light scattering coefficient σ<sub>sp</sub>(λ) was measured at three distinct wavelengths (λ=450, 550, and 700 nm) at dry and at various, predefined RH conditions between 20% and 95% with a recently developed humidified nephelometer (WetNeph) and with a second nephelometer measuring at dry conditions with an average RH<10% (DryNeph). In addition, the aerosol size distribution and the aerosol absorption coefficient were measured. The scattering enhancement factor <i>f</i>(RH, λ) is the key parameter to describe the RH effect on σ<sub>sp</sub>(λ) and is defined as the RH dependent σ<sub>sp</sub>(RH, λ) divided by the corresponding dry σ<sub>sp</sub>(RH<sub>dry</sub>, λ). During our campaign the average <i>f</i>(RH=85%, λ=550 nm) was 3.24±0.63 (mean ± standard deviation), and no clear wavelength dependence of <i>f</i>(RH, λ) was observed. This means that the ambient scattering coefficients at RH=85% were on average about three times higher than the dry measured in-situ scattering coefficients. The RH dependency of the recorded <i>f</i>(RH, λ) can be well described by an empirical one-parameter equation. We used a simplified method to retrieve an apparent hygroscopic growth factor <i>g</i>(RH), defined as the aerosol particle diameter at a certain RH divided by the dry diameter, using the WetNeph, the DryNeph, the aerosol size distribution measurements and Mie theory. With this approach we found, on average, <i>g</i>(RH=85%) values to be 1.61±0.12 (mean±standard deviation). No clear seasonal shift of <i>f</i>(RH, λ) was observed during the 3-month period, while aerosol properties (size and chemical composition) clearly changed with time. While the beginning of the campaign was mainly characterized by smaller and less hygroscopic particles, the end was dominated by larger and more hygroscopic particles. This suggests that compensating effects of hygroscopicity and size determined the temporal stability of <i>f</i>(RH, λ). During sea salt influenced periods, distinct deliquescence transitions were observed. At the end we present a method on how to transfer the dry in-situ measured aerosol scattering coefficients to ambient values for the aerosol measured during summer and fall at this location

Compilation of Selected Vegetable Crop Reports Dealing with Research and Demonstration Plots Located at the Muck Crops Branch, 1983

Spinach cultivar trials, 1982 ; Celery cultivar trials, 1982 / James M. Pisarczyk and Richard L. Hassell -- Potato cultivar trials, 1982 / James M. Pisarczyk -- Celery transplant study, 1982 / Richard L. Hassell -- Parsley 1982 variety trials ; Onion 1982 variety trials ; Broccoli variety trials, 1982 / Richard L. Hassell -- Carrot variety trials, 1982 / R. Mack Riedel and Richard C. Henne -- Control of early blight of celery with fungicides, 1982 ; Control of crucifer downy mildew with fungicide sprays, 1982 / Randall C. Rowe and Richard L. Hassell -- Synergistic interaction between species of lesion nematodes and Verticillium dahliae, 1982 / R. M. Riedel and R. C. Rowe -- Transplants vs. bare-root in controlling root-knot nematode / R. M. Riedel -- Rotations for control of root-knot nematode / R. M. Riedel and J. A. Chatfield -- Fertilizer guidelines for vegetable crops grown on muck soils in Ohio / William M. Brooks, E. C. Wittmeyer and Richard Hassel

Comparison of Pre-Cooling and Storage Processes for Fuji Apple Quality Maintenance using the Decision Support Method

In Brazil the fruit growing is becoming more and more technified, obtaining with this better quality and productivity. As fruit varieties are regionalized and harvested at different times of the year, they need post-harvest conservation techniques to be offered in different regions of the country during the off-season. For these reasons, management of the Cold Chain (CC) logistic process in post-harvest refrigeration and preservation of fruits is the way to overcome these problems. In this context, the research aimed to analyze how the TODIM Method of Multicriteria Decision Support contributes to the process of comparing forced air pre-cooling (24hs) and cold storage (30 Days and 60 Days, CAT1 - 80 and CAT1 - 198) in Normal Atmosphere (NA) and Controlled Atmosphere (CA) 24hs. The methodological procedures adopted were: exploratory and descriptive research, with qualitative approach and field research. In the field research carried out at the Cooperserra cooperative, the following results were identified: (1) feasibility of the implantation of the rapid precooling process to the hydrocooling by immersion proving to be efficient in the application of the system, in relation to the precooling for forced-air cooling in the chamber combined with storage; (2) the management of the Cold Chain (CC) logistic process in the pre-cooling and storage stages maintains the quality of the Fuji apple (Malus Communis). In addition to contributing to academic research, the study corroborated the development of best practices in the management of the Cold Chain (CC) logistics process and commercialization, providing elements for companies to plan the logistics processes incorporating the precooling and storage stages of the Fuji apple (Malus Communis). It was concluded that in the pre-cooling to the cold water, it does not need that the apple stays for 24 hours in the cold chamber to reach the appropriate temperature of 2º C, it was verified that in 25 minutes of cooling the fruit reaches the temperature of 5ºC , maintaining the quality of the fruit and optimizing the energy expenditure of the cold room

1973 Research Progress Reports, Fruit and Vegetable Processing and Food Technology

Evaluation of snap bean varieties for processing / Wilbur A. Gould -- Evaluation of tomato cultivars for processing / W. A. Gould, James Black, Emily Korensky, Ruth Stillabower, and Stanley Z. Berry -- Commercial tomato cultivar evaluation / Wilbur A. Gould, Jerry Wright, in cooperation with Stanley Berry, Marion White, Tip Top Canning Co., Beckman and Gast Company and Hirzel Canning Co. -- Relationship of USDA D6 tomato colorimeter to AGTRON E-5 / Wilbur A. Gould and Jerry Wright -- Effects of food additives on the quality of canned tomatoes / Wilbur A. Gould, Jacquelyn Gould, and James Black -- Effects of food additives on the quality of canned tomato juice / Wilbur A. Gould, Ruth Stillabower, Jacquelyn Gould and James Black -- Retention of ascorbic acid in fortified tomato juice ; Effect of storage time and temperature and added ascorbic acid on the total acid and pH of tomato juice / Gerald G. Pope and Wilbur A. Gould -- Cell wall components and tomato juice consistency / David E. Crean -- Lipid content of cabbage & sauerkraut / Andrew C. Peng -- Canned rice-tomatoes / Teung Chin and Wilbur A. Gould -- Development of a canned pecan pie filling / W. A. Gould and S. Perryman -- A new soybean food from tempeh / Nasruddin Iljas, Wilbur A. Gould and Andrew C. Peng -- Rehabilitation and recycling spend cucumber pickling brines / J. R. Geisman and R. E. Henne -- Evaluation of several grape cultivars for wine making / James F. Gallande

Ground-based and airborne in-situ measurements of the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic aerosol plume in Switzerland in spring 2010

The volcanic aerosol plume resulting from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland in April and May 2010 was detected in clear layers above Switzerland during two periods (17–19 April 2010 and 16–19 May 2010). In-situ measurements of the airborne volcanic plume were performed both within ground-based monitoring networks and with a research aircraft up to an altitude of 6000 m a.s.l. The wide range of aerosol and gas phase parameters studied at the high altitude research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.) allowed for an in-depth characterization of the detected volcanic aerosol. Both the data from the Jungfraujoch and the aircraft vertical profiles showed a consistent volcanic ash mode in the aerosol volume size distribution with a mean optical diameter around 3 ± 0.3 μm. These particles were found to have an average chemical composition very similar to the trachyandesite-like composition of rock samples collected near the volcano. Furthermore, chemical processing of volcanic sulfur dioxide into sulfate clearly contributed to the accumulation mode of the aerosol at the Jungfraujoch. The combination of these in-situ data and plume dispersion modeling results showed that a significant portion of the first volcanic aerosol plume reaching Switzerland on 17 April 2010 did not reach the Jungfraujoch directly, but was first dispersed and diluted in the planetary boundary layer. The maximum PM<sub>10</sub> mass concentrations at the Jungfraujoch reached 30 μgm<sup>−3</sup> and 70 μgm<sup>−3</sup> (for 10-min mean values) duri ng the April and May episode, respectively. Even low-altitude monitoring stations registered up to 45 μgm<sup>−3</sup> of volcanic ash related PM<sub>10</sub> (Basel, Northwestern Switzerland, 18/19 April 2010). The flights with the research aircraft on 17 April 2010 showed one order of magnitude higher number concentrations over the northern Swiss plateau compared to the Jungfraujoch, and a mass concentration of 320 (200–520) μgm<sup>−3</sup> on 18 May 2010 over the northwestern Swiss plateau. The presented data significantly contributed to the time-critical assessment of the local ash layer properties during the initial eruption phase. Furthermore, dispersion models benefited from the detailed information on the volcanic aerosol size distribution and its chemical composition

Chemical characterization of atmospheric ions at the high altitude research station Jungfraujoch (Switzerland)

The ion composition at high altitude (3454 m a.s.l.) was measured with an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (APi-TOF) during a period of 9 months, from August 2013 to April 2014. The negative mass spectra were dominated by the ions of sulfuric, nitric, malonic, and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as well as SO5. The most prominent positive ion peaks were from amines. The other cations were mainly organic compounds clustered with a nitrogen-containing ion, which could be either NH4+ or an aminium. Occasionally the positive spectra were characterized by groups of compounds each differing by a methylene group. In the negative spectrum, sulfuric acid was always observed during clear sky conditions following the diurnal cycle of solar irradiation. On many occasions we also saw a high signal of sulfuric acid during nighttime when clusters up to the tetramer were observed. A plausible reason for these events could be evaporation from particles at low relative humidity. A remarkably strong correlation between the signals of SO5 and CH3SO3- was observed for the full measurement period. The presence of these two ions during both the day and the night suggests a non-photochemical channel of formation which is possibly linked to halogen chemistry. Halogenated species, especially Br- and IO3-, were frequently observed in air masses that originated mainly from the Atlantic Ocean and occasionally from continental areas based on back trajectory analyses. We found I2O5 clustered with an ion, a species that was proposed from laboratory and modeling studies. All halogenated ions exhibited an unexpected diurnal behavior with low values during daytime. New particle formation (NPF) events were observed and characterized by (1) highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) and low sulfuric acid or (2) ammonia-sulfuric acid clusters. We present characteristic spectra for each of these two event types based on 26 nucleation episodes. The mass spectrum of the ammonia-sulfuric acid nucleation event compares very well with laboratory measurements reported from the CLOUD chamber. A source receptor analysis indicates that NPF events at the Jungfraujoch take place within a restricted period of time of 24-48 h after air masses have had contact with the boundary layer. This time frame appears to be crucial to reach an optimal oxidation state and concentration of organic molecules necessary to facilitate nucleation.Peer reviewe

Wing analysis using a transonic potential flow computational method

The ability of the method to compute wing transonic performance was determined by comparing computed results with both experimental data and results computed by other theoretical procedures. Both pressure distributions and aerodynamic forces were evaluated. Comparisons indicated that the method is a significant improvement in transonic wing analysis capability. In particular, the computational method generally calculated the correct development of three-dimensional pressure distributions from subcritical to transonic conditions. Complicated, multiple shocked flows observed experimentally were reproduced computationally. The ability to identify the effects of design modifications was demonstrated both in terms of pressure distributions and shock drag characteristics

Monoubiquitination of syntaxin 3 leads to retrieval from the basolateral plasma membrane and facilitates cargo recruitment to exosomes

Syntaxin 3 (Stx3), a SNARE protein located and functioning at the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells, is required for epithelial polarity. A fraction of Stx3 is localized to late endosomes/lysosomes, although how it traffics there and its function in these organelles is unknown. Here we report that Stx3 undergoes monoubiquitination in a conserved polybasic domain. Stx3 present at the basolateral—but not the apical—plasma membrane is rapidly endocytosed, targeted to endosomes, internalized into intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), and excreted in exosomes. A nonubiquitinatable mutant of Stx3 (Stx3-5R) fails to enter this pathway and leads to the inability of the apical exosomal cargo protein GPRC5B to enter the ILV/exosomal pathway. This suggests that ubiquitination of Stx3 leads to removal from the basolateral membrane to achieve apical polarity, that Stx3 plays a role in the recruitment of cargo to exosomes, and that the Stx3-5R mutant acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) acquires its membrane in an intracellular compartment and we show that Stx3-5R strongly reduces the number of excreted infectious viral particles. Altogether these results suggest that Stx3 functions in the transport of specific proteins to apical exosomes and that HCMV exploits this pathway for virion excretion