Hak Pasien Mendapatkan Informasi Resiko Pelayanan Medik

Tujuan dilakukan penelitian skripsi ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana hak pasien mendapatkan informasi resiko pelayanan medik dan bagaimana sanksi hukum terhadap dokter yang tidak memberikan informasi resiko pelayanan medik pada pasien. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, maka dapat disimpulkan, bahwa: 1. Hak pasien mendapatkan informasi resiko pelayanan medik pada dasarnya untuk mengetahui yang sejelas-jelasnya tentang penyakit dan berhak untuk menentukan tindakan yang akan diambil dalam penyembuhan penyakitnya, serta berhak untuk mendapatkan pelayanan yang layak bagi kesehatan pasien tersebut. 2. Sanksi hukum terhadap dokter yang tidak memberikan informasi resiko pelayanan medis pada pasien adalah sanksi-sanksi yang terdapat dalam KUHPerdata, KUHPidana, dan hukum-hukum administrasi lainnya

Electrical stimulation of smooth muscle strips from the urinary bladder of the pig

Strips of smooth muscle from pig urinary bladders were electrically stimulated to contract. Stimulation parameters and conditions were optimized so as to obtain a maximum number of isometric contractions with maximal force. It was found that the contractions could be described mathematically by a simple model. In the model there is a constant probability for cells to pass from the non-contractile to the contractile state during stimulation; this leads to a linearly decreasing phase plot (a plot of the rate of rise of a variable as a function of the variable) for the force. 'Activation' of the cells is described by a physical step function. Isometric contractions were thus characterized by a set of three parameters: U, the time derivative of the force, extrapolated to zero force, Fiso the value of the isometric force which is approached asymptotically after infinitely long periods of stimulation and t1, the activation time. The sensitivity of these three parameters to variation of the stimulus parameters was investigated. It was found that the parameter U was consistently correlated with the stimulus parameters, suggesting that this parameter can be used to describe the effectiveness of electrical stimulation of such strips

Penentuan Daya Listrik Rumah Tangga Menggunakan Metode Decision Tree

PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) Persero sebagai Perusahaan penyedia energi listrik mengeluarkan inovasi yaitu listrik prabayar (listrik pintar) sebagai opsi terbaru dalam hal pemilihan tipe pelanggan selain listrik pascabayar. Semakin bervariasinya daya listrik maupun tipe pelanggan membuat pelanggan maupun calon pelanggan listrik PLN memiliki pilihan yang beragam saat menentukan daya listrik. Masalah penentuan daya listrik juga dialami di sisi PLN dimana harus menentukan pelanggan yang tepat untuk mendapatkan subsidi listrik yang disediakan pada daya 450 VA dan 900. Dengan pendekatan data mining menggunakan metode decision tree, penelitian ini mencari pola atau model decision tree yang dapat menentukan daya listrik dan tipe pelanggan yang sesuai. Algoritma ID3 dan C4.5 dipilih sebagai algoritma metode decision tree yang digunakan untuk kalkulasi pada saat proses training data. Keluaran dari penelitian ini adalah pola atau model decision tree yang dihasilkan kedua algoritma tersebut yang dapat digunakan untuk menentukan daya listrik. Dari hasil pengujian sendiri didapatkan hasil akurasi algoritma ID3 sebesar 62 % sedangkan hasil algoritma C4.5 sebesar 88 %

Interaction specificity between leaf-cutting ants and vertically transmitted Pseudonocardia bacteria

BACKGROUND : The obligate mutualism between fungus-growing ants and microbial symbionts offers excellent opportunities to study the specificity and stability of multi-species interactions. In addition to cultivating fungus gardens, these ants have domesticated actinomycete bacteria to defend gardens against the fungal parasite Escovopsis and possibly other pathogens. Panamanian Acromyrmex echinatior leaf-cutting ants primarily associate with actinomycetes of the genus Pseudonocardia. Colonies are inoculated with one of two vertically transmitted phylotypes (Ps1 or Ps2), and maintain the same phylotype over their lifetime. We performed a cross-fostering experiment to test whether co-adaptations between ants and bacterial phylotypes have evolved, and how this affects bacterial growth and ant prophylactic behavior after infection with Escovopsis. RESULTS : We show that Pseudonocardia readily colonized ants irrespective of their colony of origin, but that the Ps2 phylotype, which was previously shown to be better able to maintain its monocultural integrity after workers became foragers than Ps1, reached a higher final cover when grown on its native host than on alternative hosts. The frequencies of major grooming and weeding behaviors co-varied with symbiont/host combinations, showing that ant behavior also was affected when cuticular actinomycete phylotypes were swapped. CONCLUSION : These results show that the interactions between leaf-cutting ants and Pseudonocardia bear signatures of mutual co-adaptation within a single ant population.http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcevolbiolhb201

Sperm mixing in the polyandrous leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex echinatior

The insemination of queens by sperm from multiple males (polyandry) has evolved in a number of eusocial insect lineages despite the likely costs of the behavior. The selective advantages in terms of colony fitness must therefore also be significant and there is now good evidence that polyandry increases genetic variation among workers, thereby improving the efficiency of division of labor, resistance against disease, and diluting the impact of genetically incompatible matings. However, these advantages will only be maximized if the sperm of initially discrete ejaculates are mixed when stored in queen spermathecae and used for egg fertilization in a “fair raffle.” Remarkably, however, very few studies have addressed the level of sperm mixing in social insects. Here we analyzed sperm use over time in the highly polyandrous leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex echinatior. We genotyped cohorts of workers produced either 2 months apart or up to over a year apart, and batches of eggs laid up to over 2 years apart, and tested whether fluctuations in patriline distributions deviated from random. We show that the representation of father males in both egg and worker cohorts does not change over time, consistent with obligatorily polyandrous queens maximizing their fitness when workers are as genetically diverse as possible

Medication review and reconciliation with cooperation between pharmacist and general practitioner and the benefit for the patient:a systematic review

This article systematically reviews the literature on the impact of collaboration between pharmacists and general practitioners and describes its effect on patients' health. A systematic literature search provided 1041 articles. After first review of title and abstract, 152 articles remained. After review of the full text, 83 articles were included. All included articles are presented according to the following variables: (i) reference; (ii) design and setting of the study; (iii) inclusion criteria for patients; (iv) description of the intervention; (v) whether a patient interview was performed to involve patients' experiences with their medicine-taking behaviour; (vi) outcome; (vii) whether healthcare professionals received additional training; and (viii) whether healthcare professionals received financial reimbursement. Many different interventions are described where pharmacists and general practitioners work together to improve patients' health. Only nine studies reported hard outcomes, such as hospital (re)admissions; however, these studies had different results, not all of which were statistically significant. Randomized controlled trials should be able to describe hard outcomes, but large patient groups will be needed to perform such studies. Patient involvement is important for long-term success

Implementasi AHP Sistem Penunjang Keputusan Promosi Jabatan Di Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Pegawai adalah aset yang sangat penting dalamsuatu organisasi tak terkecuali di Unsrat. Guna memberipenghargaan dan sebagai motivasi kepada pegawai yang ada,maka dibuatlah sebuah sistem penunjang pengambilankeputusan sebagai masukan bagi pimpinan Unsrat untukpromosi jabatan. Sistem ini dibuat menggunakan metodeperhitungan AHP(Analytical Hierarchy Process). AHPmenghasilkan sebuah rangking yang didapat darimembandingkan setiap kriteria dan juga alternatif dalam hal inibakal calon yang akan diberikan promosi jabatan. Sistem inimemberikan laporan akhir bakal calon yang paling memenuhipersyaratan yang ada. Perhitungan yang dilakukan sistem inilebih efisien dari cara manual. Sistem ini telah diuji denganbeberapa jenis pengujian

Outcome with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone followed by early autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma on the ECOG-ACRIN E4A03 randomized clinical trial: long-term follow-up

In Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-ACRIN E4A03, on completion of four cycles of therapy, newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients had the option of proceeding to autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant (ASCT) or continuing on their assigned therapy lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone (Ld) or lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone (LD). This landmark analysis compared the outcome of 431 patients surviving their first four cycles of therapy pursuing early ASCT to those continuing on their assigned therapy. Survival distributions were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared with log-rank test. Ninety patients (21%) opted for early ASCT. The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- an

Estimating above ground net biomass change in tropical and subtropical forests: refinement of IPCC default values using forest plot data

As countries advance in greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting for climate change mitigation, consistent estimates of above ground biomass (AGB) net change are needed for the tropics and subtropics. Countries with limited forest monitoring capabilities rely on 2006 IPCC default AGB net change values, which are averages per ecological zone, per continent. These previous defaults come from single studies, provide no uncertainty indications, and aggregate old secondary forests and old-growth forests. In this study, we update these default values using forest plot data. In comparison with previous estimates, new values include data published from 2006 onwards, are derived from multiple sites per global ecological zone, provide measures of variation, and divide forests >20 years old into older secondary forests and old-growth forests. We compiled 176 AGB chronosequences in secondary forests and AGB net change rates from 536 permanent plots in old-growth and managed or logged forests. In this dataset, across all continents and ecozones, AGB net change rates in younger secondary forests (go years) are higher than rates in older secondary (>20 years and ≤100 years) forests and managed or logged forests, which in turn are higher than rates in old-growth forests (> 100 years). Data availability is highest for North and South America, followed by Asia then Africa. We provide a rigorous and traceable refinement of the IPCC 2006 AGB net change default rates, identify which areas in the tropics and subtropics require more research on AGB change, and reflect on possibilities for improvement as more data becomes available