Effects of Conceptual Training and Procedural Training for Teaching Aviation Instrument Holding Patterns

ABSTRACT Twenty private pilots without instrument ratings trained how to fly instrument holding patterns. Holding patterns are advanced aviation maneuvers learned during instrument training where pilots maintain a particular "race-track" figure that keeps the airplane essentially stationary. Participants were randomly assigned to a procedural training group or a conceptual training group. The step-by-step sequence of actions to fly instrument holds was emphasized in the procedural training group. The reasons for flying instruments holds and the interrelationship of elements in a dynamic environment were emphasized in the conceptual training group. Training stimuli included reading text and watching videos. Participants who were conceptually trained showed no difference in situation awareness when flying a typical instrument hold in a flight simulator compared to when flying a more difficult, atypical instrument hold in a flight simulator. However, the procedurally trained participants showed significantly less situation awareness when flying the atypical instrument hold compared to when flying the typical instrument hold. It was found that participants who required more attempts to answer questions correctly during training showed better situation awareness when flying atypical holding patterns. Finally it was found that participants required more attempts to answer questions correctly during the training delivered via video than they did during the training delivered via text

Recovery housing and on-the-ground research priorities: a scoping study through the lens of community based participatory research

IntroductionThough communities have featured recovery housing (RH) for several decades, the base of evidence for best practices continues to grow – especially evidence needed by, and known to, those who operate and receive these services. The Initiative for Justice and Emerging Adult Populations (JEAP) engaged with three community boards (CBs) – consisting of young adults with experience in recovery from substance use issues, people who have a history of criminal legal system involvement and recovery, and payers and provider of substance use services and harm reduction – to understand on-the-ground priorities for research into recovery support services.MethodsJEAP engaged with the CBs using community-based participatory research, resulting in 12 overarching categories of research priorities, including RH. Each category contains a general problem statement, as well as testable research questions stemming from the priorities identified by the CBs. It remains to be seen, though, if research has answered them. This study used these research questions as the basis for an adapted scoping study, querying extant literature on these research priorities.ResultsThese efforts resulted Our search found 132 peer-reviewed studies of RH since 1984, 111 of these pertaining to the CB’s research questions. These, however, were heavily weighted toward those providing fewer services and supervision (80%), and the research questions focused on RH operations (57%), though more recent efforts have investigated populations served (37%).DiscussionThough many RH studies fell within JEAP research questions, the literature has yet to reach an overarching consensus on best practices within each. Given the high degree of variation between types of RH programs and between geographic locations, such consensus may not be feasible or even desirable. Key elements of effective RH operations are discussed providing useful information for both researchers and practitioners to consider, as well as recommendations for future research

Resolving the Enigma of Multiple Mutant Sectors in Stamen Hairs of Tradescantia

Mutant sectors in stamen hairs of Clone 02 Tradescantia are designated as "multiple sectors" when two or more occupy the same hair, separated by non-mutant cells. Statistical analyses show that most multiple sectors do not arise as chance associations of independent events: when the frequency of stamens with two or more sectors is lowest, the probability that the sectors will be located in the same, rather than in different, hairs is highest. Ontogenetically, the ratio of sector pairs in different hairs to pairs in the same hair is highest in that period of response to acute irradiation prior to the appearance of entire-hair sectors; thereafter, the ratio subsides, approaching that of spontaneous mutation and indicating that the initiating event takes place early in hair development. Most mononemic chromosome models will not account for the production of multiple mutant and non-mutant sectors, dispersed along a linear structure such as a stamen hair, following a single mutational event. Consideration is given to two models (one mononemic, and the other dinemic) which will readily provide the possibilities for either the immediate segregation of mutant and non-mutant cells, or for the perpetuation in daughter nuclei of a "heterozygous" chromosome capable of segregation at some later mitosis. The dinemic model is preferred because it affords operation of the mutation mechanism (including breakage and deletion) at either the DNA molecule or subunit level

RESOLVING THE ENIGMA OF MULTIPLE MUTANT SECTORS IN STAMEN HAIRS OF TRADESCANTIA

ABSTRACT Mutant sectors in stamen hairs of Clone 02 Tradescantia are designated as "multiple sectors" when two or more occupy the same hair, separated by nonmutant cells. Statistical analyses show that most multiple sectors do not arise as chance associations of independent events: when the frequency of stamens with two or more sectors is lowest, the probability that the sectors will be located in the same, rather than in different, hairs is highest. Ontogenetically, the ratio of sector pairs in different hairs to pairs in the same hair is highest in that period of response to acute irradiation prior to the appearance of entirehair sectors; thereafter, the ratio subsides, approaching that of spontaneous mutation and indicating that the initiating event takes place early in hair development. Most mononemic chromosome models will not account for the production of multiple mutant and non-mutant sectors, dispersed along a linear structure such as a stamen hair, following a single mutational event. Consideration is given to two models (one mononemic, and the other dinemic) which will readily provide the possibilities for either the immediate segregation of mutant and non-mutant cells, or for the perpetuation in daughter nuclei of a "heterozygous" chromosome capable of segregation at some later mitosis. The dinemic model is preferred because it affords operation of the mutation mechanism (including breakage and deletion) at either the DNA molecule or subunit level.</jats:p