Genotypic variation in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] exotic germplasm collections for drought and disease tolerance

Citation: Kapanigowda, M., . . . & Little, C. (2013). Genotypic variation in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] exotic germplasm collections for drought and disease tolerance. SpringerPlus, 2, 650. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-650Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grain yield is severely affected by abiotic and biotic stresses during post-flowering stages, which has been aggravated by climate change. New parental lines having genes for various biotic and abiotic stress tolerances have the potential to mitigate this negative effect. Field studies were conducted under irrigated and dryland conditions with 128 exotic germplasm and 12 adapted lines to evaluate and identify potential sources for post-flowering drought tolerance and stalk and charcoal rot tolerances. The various physiological and disease related traits were recorded under irrigated and dryland conditions. Under dryland conditions, chlorophyll content (SPAD), grain yield and HI were decreased by 9, 44 and 16%, respectively, compared to irrigated conditions. Genotype RTx7000 and PI475432 had higher leaf temperature and grain yield, however, genotype PI570895 had lower leaf temperature and higher grain yield under dryland conditions. Increased grain yield and optimum leaf temperature was observed in PI510898, IS1212 and PI533946 compared to BTx642 (B35). However, IS14290, IS12945 and IS1219 had decreased grain yield and optimum leaf temperature under dryland conditions. Under irrigated conditions, stalk and charcoal rot disease severity was higher than under dryland conditions. Genotypes IS30562 and 1790E R had tolerance to both stalk rot and charcoal rot respectively and IS12706 was the most susceptible to both diseases. PI510898 showed combined tolerance to drought and Fusarium stalk rot under dryland conditions. The genotypes identified in this study are potential sources of drought and disease tolerance and will be used to develop better adaptable parental lines followed by high yielding hybrids

POOL BOILING OF WATER OVER A STAINLESS STEEL FLAT PLATE HEATER

The purpose of this experiment is to study heat transfer characteristics of water through pool boiling over a flat stainless steel plate heater. The present experimental data of water is in good agreement with Stephen and Abdelsalam correlation (1980) with the given heat flux range 30-750 kW/m2. Without any modification in the Stephen and Abdelsalam correlation (1980), it is observed that the experimental data of water are within an error band of ± 20 percent, this is because of the Stephen and Abdelsalam correlation (1980) predicts their own data in an error band of 11.3 percent. In order to minimize the error band, the pool boiling experimental data of water have been analyzed by regression analysis using Stephen and Abdelsalam correlation (1980) and the powers and coefficient of the terms in the correlation are modified and the optimum values of the power index and coefficient which gives the minimum error band of ± 10 is obtained

SoC Estimation and Monitoring of Li-ion Cell using Kalman-Filter Algorithm

With the rise in an energy crisis, electric vehicles have become a necessity. An integral part of the electric/hybrid vehicle is batteries. Out of many types, Li-ion batteries are providing features like high power as well as energy density. The features make Li-ion is an excellent choice for multiple applications from electronic appliances to electric vehicles. Li-ion batteries have their limitations while using in electric vehicles, and battery parameter monitoring like temperature, voltage, current, State of Charge (SoC), etc. is very much essential. The monitoring is dependent on actual physical measurements, which are subject to error contributing factors such as measurement noise, errors etc. With the estimation of SOC and State of Health (SoH) of the battery model, the lifetime of the battery will be calculated out, and along these lines sparing significant cost. In this paper, a study on SoH estimation and Li-ion battery SoC is estimated using a Kalman Filter (KF) algorithm estimation and results are presented to validate the Li-ion operating performanc

Starlike Functions of Complex Order with Respect to Symmetric Points Defined Using Higher Order Derivatives

In this paper, we introduce and study a new subclass of multivalent functions with respect to symmetric points involving higher order derivatives. In order to unify and extend various well-known results, we have defined the class subordinate to a conic region impacted by Janowski functions. We focused on conic regions when it pertained to applications of our main results. Inclusion results, subordination property and coefficient inequality of the defined class are the main results of this paper. The applications of our results which are extensions of those given in earlier works are presented here as corollaries

Turmeric planting methods and mechanization strategies: A review towards the development of a fully automatic planter

Turmeric (Curcuma longa), a major crop in India accounting for 80 % of global production, faces challenges such as pest infestations, diseases, climate change and economic volatility, necessitating precision agriculture strategies to enhance sustainability. Planting is a critical determinant of crop yield and quality; however, conventional manual methods remain labor-intensive and inefficient, underscoring the need for mechanization. Mechanical turmeric planters have been shown to decrease the cost and time associated with planting by 59.52% and 96.57 %, respectively. This review examines key turmeric planting methods, including flat-bed, ridge-and-furrow and raised-bed systems, while analyzing the engineering properties of turmeric rhizomes relevant to planter design. It has been found that ridge planting has produced 86.78 q ha-1 of yield compared to flat-bed planting of 67.26 q ha-1 and raised bed planting significantly reduced disease incidence, with only 9.6 % leaf spot and no rhizome rot observed, compared to 22.5 % leaf spot using the flat bed method. The evolution of planting technology from manual to semi-automatic and fully automatic systems is discussed, along with a critical assessment of metering mechanisms such as vertical rotating discs, multistage rotating cups and auger conveyors. The influence of furrow opener design and operational parameters, including planting speed and accuracy, on field performance was also reviewed. By identifying research gaps related to the impact of rhizome properties on planter efficiency, this study concludes that optimized automatic planters tailored to turmeric’s specific agronomic requirements can enhance planting precision, improve productivity and contribute to sustainable cultivation practices

Variation in the Morphological Characters of the Hill and Plain Populations of Indian Honey Bee, Apis cerana indica (Fab.) in Tamil Nadu, India

The present study investigates the morphological differences between the hill and plain populations of the Indian honey bee, Apis cerana indica Fabricius, collected from six different locations in Tamil Nadu, India: Coimbatore, Karumandhurai, Coonoor, Madurai, Dindigul, and Chidambaram during 2023-2024. Significant differences were found between the two populations based on a comprehensive morphometric analysis of 29 characters. The hill populations from TNAU Insectary (Marudhamalai hills), Karumandhurai (Kalvarayan hills), and Coonoor (Nilgiri hills), the mean altitude of the locations being 1207 m a.s.l. exhibited significantly higher values in several morphometric traits than the plain populations from Madurai, Dindigul, and Chidambaram, with a mean altitude of 124 m above MSL (P<0.05). Component loading analysis highlighted the key morphometric characters contributing to the first and second components of both ecotypes. In the plain population, breadth of the radial cell, breadth of the forewing, and length of the radial cell demonstrated strong positive correlations with the first principal component, explaining 16.4% of the variance. The second principal component, influenced by characters such as the length of the femur and breadth of the metatarsus, showed 12.2% of the variance. In the hill population, the length of the radial cell, length of vein R.L., and length of the hindwing were the most influential traits for the first principal component, explaining 28.0% of the variance. In contrast, the second component, which included the breadth of the forewing and length of vein I.L., explained 12.3% of the variance. Further, the cubital index, a critical morphometric parameter, also showed a statistically significant difference, with the hill population (3.55) showing a higher value than the plain population (3.29). The significant morphometric differences observed between the hill and plain populations of A. cerana indica may suggest that they have undergone morphological divergence, likely due to adaptations to their specific environmental conditions

Synthesis, Structural and Optical Properties of PVP Encapsulated CdS Nanoparticles

Highly monodispersed CdS nanoparticles using polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as the capping agent were synthesised by chemical coprecipitation method. The surface‐modified cadmium sulfide nanoparticles were found to be remarkably stable. In the presence of PVP, cubic phase with small grain size of CdS were observed in XRD. The peaks were identified to originate from (111), (220) and (311) planes of CdS, respectively. The crystallite size of the synthesised CdS nanoparticles was about 3 nm calculated from the (111) plane of XRD pattern and it was also confirmed through HRTEM. Morphology and elemental mapping of the synthesised nanoparticles were studied by SEM and EDX analyses. Increase in the band gap with decrease in the particle size was observed from the reflectance mode UV spectrum, which confirms the quantum confinement effect. From the photoluminescence studies, enhanced near‐band‐edge blue light emission and significantly reduced defect‐related green emission were observed. Longitudinal optical (LO) phonon modes, corresponds to pure CdS were observed in Raman spectrum

Implementation of an Intelligent Target Classifier with Bicoherence Feature Set

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the feasibility of bispectral analysing of acoustic signals emanated from underwater targets, for the purpose of classification. Higher order analysis, especially bispectral analysis has been widely used to analyse signals when non-Gaussianity and non-linearity are involved. Bicoherence, which is a normalized form of bispectrum, has been used to extract source specific features, which is finally fed to a neural network classifier. Vector quantization has been used to reduce the dimensionality of the feature set, thereby reducing computational costs. Simulations were carried out with linear, tan and log-sigmoid transfer functions and also with different code book sizes. It is found that the bicoherence feature set can provide acceptable levels of classification accuracy with a properly trained neural network classifier

Phenotypic and genotypic insights into rice germplasm resistance against a biotype of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (stal)

This study explores the resistance of rice landraces, genotypes, and wild rice to the South Asian brown planthopper (BPH) population, a significant pest affecting rice crops. Phenotypic screening identified a few landraces, genotypes, and wild rice varieties with resistance to the South Asian biotype, including, PTB-33, Oryza officinalis, O. nivara, Adukkan, Vellai Kombi Samba and Onamuttan which exhibited damage scores ? 3 Moderate resistance was observed in IR 36, ARC 10550, T12, Manvilayan, Rathu Heenati, CR 2711, Mysore Malli, Swarnalata, Pokkali, Babawee, and ASD 7, while other varieties demonstrated varying levels of susceptibility. Molecular analysis using SSR markers revealed the presence of BPH resistance genes across these genotypes. Notably, Onamuttan and Vellai kombi samba exhibited a broad resistance gene profile, while Adukkan, Manvilayan possess two BPH-resistant genes. Conversely, ASD 7 and Rathu Heenati, despite possessing several resistance gene markers, displayed moderate resistance. This study underscores the potential of integrating resistant genotypes into breeding programs, employing SSR markers for precise gene mapping and marker-assisted selection. The combined phenotypic and genotypic data provide valuable insights for advancing rice breeding strategies for sustainable BPH management and improved pest resistance