Splenic B1 B Cells Acquire a Proliferative and Anti-Inflamatory Profile During Pregnancy in Mice

B cells are a heterogeneous cell population with differential ontogeny, anatomical location, and functions. B1 B cells are a distinct subpopulation characterized by their unique capacity of self-renewal, the production of large quantities of IL-10, and the ability to secrete protective, anti-inflammatory natural antibodies (NAbs), presumably upon down-regulation of CD1d expression. Although natural antibodies are thought to be protective, due to their polyreactivity, their participation in certain autoimmune diseases has been suggested. In the context of pregnancy, the role of B1 B cells has been discussed controversially. While in human pregnancies B1 B cells and natural/polyreactive antibodies they produce are involved in the development of preeclampsia, in mice they promote healthy gestation and fetal protection. In this work, we aimed to functionally characterize the splenic B1 B cell population during pregnancy in mice. Functional enrichment analysis using only up-regulated transcripts from a transcriptomic profile performed on total splenic B cells from pregnant compared to non-pregnant mice showed augmented cell cycle and DNA replication pathways. Proliferation studies by flow cytometry showed augmented Ki-67 proliferation marker expression and percentages of B1 B cells. Furthermore, B1 B cells produced higher levels of IL-10 and lower levels of TNF-α leading to an increased IL-10/TNF-α ratio and showing an immunoregulatory phenotype. Finally, we observed lower expression of CD1d on B1 B cells, suggesting a higher capacity to produce NAbs in the context of pregnancy. In summary, our results showed not only an expanded and proliferative splenic B1 B cell population during pregnancy but also the acquisition of immunomodulatory capacities suggesting its critical role in the intricate process of pregnancy tolerance

Analisis Hubungan Timbal Balik antara Tingkat Inflasi dengan Tingkat Pengangguran di Indonesia

The aim of this research is to analize the relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate in Indonesia e.i the causality relationship and the long term relationship between that two variables. Data that employed in this research are inflation rate and unemployment rate in Indonesia annually during 1980-2008. This research used Granger Causality test, tried to investigate the causality relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate and Cointegration test to investigate the long term relationship between to variables. But before used that two test, employed test of unit roots to investigate that two variables have been stationary. The unit roots test results that inflation rate data were stationary at level and unemployment rate data were stationary at the first difference. Granger causality test indicated there is an unidirectional causal from unemployment rate to inflation rate in Indonesia. The cointegration test result that it has long term relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate in Indonesia.110 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan

Triple therapy in refractory detrusor overactivity: a preliminary study

To evaluate in a prospective study the impact of the 'three-drug therapy' (antimuscarinic, alpha-blocker and tricyclic antidepressants) on the treatment of refractory detrusor overactivity (DO). Data from 27 consented patients with refractory DO were available for study. They were asked to complete a daily urinary chart and underwent urodynamic evaluation (UD) before and 60 days after treatment. Response to treatment was considered the presence of one or less involuntary detrusor contractions (IDC) on post-treatment UD. Statistical analysis was performed with Fisher and Mann-Whitney tests, besides Spearman's correlation. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. The mean follow-up was 15 months. The comparison of the daily urinary chart before and after treatment showed significant increase on bladder capacity and decreases on urgency, urge-incontinence and frequency. Objective data from UD showed that the mean maximum bladder capacity (MBC) ranged from 200 to 300 mL (P < 0.001) with treatment. The same trend was observed with the other UD variables. When compared to baseline, the questionnaire OAB-v8 showed significant improvement (P < 0.01). Main side effects comprised dry mouth and constipation (40%), with average scores of 5.16 and 3.08, respectively (visual scale from 0 to 10). Triple therapy may be an effective, easily employed and well-tolerated option to refractory DO treatment. More studies are necessary to achieve more consistent data on the matter.281798