COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey dataset on psychological and behavioural consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak

This N = 173,426 social science dataset was collected through the collaborative COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey – an open science effort to improve understanding of the human experiences of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic between 30th March and 30th May, 2020. The dataset allows a cross-cultural study of psychological and behavioural responses to the Coronavirus pandemic and associated government measures like cancellation of public functions and stay at home orders implemented in many countries. The dataset contains demographic background variables as well as measures of Asian Disease Problem, perceived stress (PSS-10), availability of social provisions (SPS-10), trust in various authorities, trust in governmental measures to contain the virus (OECD trust), personality traits (BFF-15), information behaviours, agreement with the level of government intervention, and compliance with preventive measures, along with a rich pool of exploratory variables and written experiences. A global consortium from 39 countries and regions worked together to build and translate a survey with variables of shared interests, and recruited participants in 47 languages and dialects. Raw plus cleaned data and dynamic visualizations are available

COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey dataset on psychological and behavioural consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak

This N = 173,426 social science dataset was collected through the collaborative COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey – an open science effort to improve understanding of the human experiences of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic between 30th March and 30th May, 2020. The dataset allows a cross-cultural study of psychological and behavioural responses to the Coronavirus pandemic and associated government measures like cancellation of public functions and stay at home orders implemented in many countries. The dataset contains demographic background variables as well as measures of Asian Disease Problem, perceived stress (PSS-10), availability of social provisions (SPS-10), trust in various authorities, trust in governmental measures to contain the virus (OECD trust), personality traits (BFF-15), information behaviours, agreement with the level of government intervention, and compliance with preventive measures, along with a rich pool of exploratory variables and written experiences. A global consortium from 39 countries and regions worked together to build and translate a survey with variables of shared interests, and recruited participants in 47 languages and dialects. Raw plus cleaned data and dynamic visualizations are available

Stress and worry in the 2020 coronavirus pandemic: Relationships to trust and compliance with preventive measures across 48 countries in the COVIDiSTRESS global survey

The COVIDiSTRESS global survey collects data on early human responses to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic from 173 429 respondents in 48 countries. The open science study was co-designed by an international consortium of researchers to investigate how psychological responses differ across countries and cultures, and how this has impacted behaviour, coping and trust in government efforts to slow the spread of the virus. Starting in March 2020, COVIDiSTRESS leveraged the convenience of unpaid online recruitment to generate public data. The objective of the present analysis is to understand relationships between psychological responses in the early months of global coronavirus restrictions and help understand how different government measures succeed or fail in changing public behaviour. There were variations between and within countries. Although Western Europeans registered as more concerned over COVID-19, more stressed, and having slightly more trust in the governments' efforts, there was no clear geographical pattern in compliance with behavioural measures. Detailed plots illustrating between-countries differences are provided. Using both traditional and Bayesian analyses, we found that individuals who worried about getting sick worked harder to protect themselves and others. However, concern about the coronavirus itself did not account for all of the variances in experienced stress during the early months of COVID-19 restrictions. More alarmingly, such stress was associated with less compliance. Further, those most concerned over the coronavirus trusted in government measures primarily where policies were strict. While concern over a disease is a source of mental distress, other factors including strictness of protective measures, social support and personal lockdown conditions must also be taken into consideration to fully appreciate the psychological impact of COVID-19 and to understand why some people fail to follow behavioural guidelines intended to protect themselves and others from infection. The Stage 1 manuscript associated with this submission received in-principle acceptance (IPA) on 18 May 2020. Following IPA, the accepted Stage 1 version of the manuscript was preregistered on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/g2t3b. This preregistration was performed prior to data analysis

Stress and worry in the 2020 coronavirus pandemic : relationships to trust and compliance with preventive measures across 48 countries in the COVIDiSTRESS global survey

The COVIDiSTRESS global survey collects data on early human responses to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic from 173 429 respondents in 48 countries. The open science study was co-designed by an international consortium of researchers to investigate how psychological responses differ across countries and cultures, and how this has impacted behaviour, coping and trust in government efforts to slow the spread of the virus. Starting in March 2020, COVIDiSTRESS leveraged the convenience of unpaid online recruitment to generate public data. The objective of the present analysis is to understand relationships between psychological responses in the early months of global coronavirus restrictions and help understand how different government measures succeed or fail in changing public behaviour. There were variations between and within countries. Although Western Europeans registered as more concerned over COVID-19, more stressed, and having slightly more trust in the governments' efforts, there was no clear geographical pattern in compliance with behavioural measures. Detailed plots illustrating between-countries differences are provided. Using both traditional and Bayesian analyses, we found that individuals who worried about getting sick worked harder to protect themselves and others. However, concern about the coronavirus itself did not account for all of the variances in experienced stress during the early months of COVID-19 restrictions. More alarmingly, such stress was associated with less compliance. Further, those most concerned over the coronavirus trusted in government measures primarily where policies were strict. While concern over a disease is a source of mental distress, other factors including strictness of protective measures, social support and personal lockdown conditions must also be taken into consideration to fully appreciate the psychological impact of COVID-19 and to understand why some people fail to follow behavioural guidelines intended to protect themselves and others from infection. The Stage 1 manuscript associated with this submission received in-principle acceptance (IPA) on 18 May 2020. Following IPA, the accepted Stage 1 version of the manuscript was preregistered on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/g2t3b. This preregistration was performed prior to data analysis.Peer reviewe

Stress and worry in the 2020 coronavirus pandemic: Relationships to trust and compliance with preventive measures across 48 countries in the COVIDiSTRESS global survey

The COVIDiSTRESS global survey collects data on early human responses to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic from 173 429 respondents in 48 countries. The open science study was co-designed by an international consortium of researchers to investigate how psychological responses differ across countries and cultures, and how this has impacted behaviour, coping and trust in government efforts to slow the spread of the virus. Starting in March 2020, COVIDiSTRESS leveraged the convenience of unpaid online recruitment to generate public data. The objective of the present analysis is to understand relationships between psychological responses in the early months of global coronavirus restrictions and help understand how different government measures succeed or fail in changing public behaviour. There were variations between and within countries. Although Western Europeans registered as more concerned over COVID-19, more stressed, and having slightly more trust in the governments' efforts, there was no clear geographical pattern in compliance with behavioural measures. Detailed plots illustrating between-countries differences are provided. Using both traditional and Bayesian analyses, we found that individuals who worried about getting sick worked harder to protect themselves and others. However, concern about the coronavirus itself did not account for all of the variances in experienced stress during the early months of COVID-19 restrictions. More alarmingly, such stress was associated with less compliance. Further, those most concerned over the coronavirus trusted in government measures primarily where policies were strict. While concern over a disease is a source of mental distress, other factors including strictness of protective measures, social support and personal lockdown conditions must also be taken into consideration to fully appreciate the psychological impact of COVID-19 and to understand why some people fail to follow behavioural guidelines intended to protect themselves and others from infection. The Stage 1 manuscript associated with this submission received in-principle acceptance (IPA) on 18 May 2020. Following IPA, the accepted Stage 1 version of the manuscript was preregistered on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/g2t3b. This preregistration was performed prior to data analysis

Various Ozonides of Rubber and the General Question of the Existence of Primary Ozonides

Abstract Harries was the first to make use of ozone cleavage at the carbon double bond of unsaturated compounds as an important method of research in organic chemistry. However, the formula (see PDF for diagram) of Harries, which is founded on its analogy with the products of other addition reactions, rests on scanty experimental data. One of the chief arguments against the formula is the absence of glycols as reaction products by the action of the most varied types of reducing agents. This latter fact, in conjunction with certain polymerization phenomena, led Staudinger to propose an isoozonide type of formula, in which the carbon chain has been opened, thus (see PDF for diagram) According to Staudinger, these isoozonides are formed very readily by transposition from primary or molozonides, and they are stable compounds. On the contrary, some molozonides are stabilized by polymerization. The constitution of butylene ozonide was proved synthetically by Rieche and Meister to be that of an isoozonide, and today the isoozonide formula has received general acceptance. In spite of these facts, some of the results of Harries, on which he based his original ozonide formula, remain unchallenged; for instance, the fact that when heated the ozonide of mesityl oxide reverts to mesityl oxide, and the fact that fumaric acid forms with ozone a loose compound from which ozone is liberated easily. In view of this, it appeared as if the Harries formula would really turn out to be the correct one, and that stable molozonides should exist.</jats:p

New Results on the Ozone Decomposition of Natural Rubber and of Sodium Butadiene Rubber

Abstract The method of Harries for the ozone cleavage of unsaturated organic compounds has shown its first important results in the case of rubber. Surprising as it may seem, however, there has been no attempt until now to follow the course of this reaction by bromine titration. When this is carried out, a very surprising result is obtained. It was to be expected that, corresponding to the addition of ozone to the double bonds, there would be an equivalent decrease in the bromine titre. However, such is not the case. If a one per cent solution of rubber in chloroform is ozonized at 0° and samples are removed from time to time and titrated dropwise with bromine solution until the yellow coloration persists for 10 minutes, it is found that the consumption of bromine for the first one to two hours undergoes no essential decrease as a result of the introduction of ozone. If the titration is continued, a rather rapid diminution begins at the time when free ozone can be detected in a potassium iodide solution placed beyond the ozone vessel. The curve then descends sharply to zero. Closer study of the process by the titration method of MacIlhiney, which also makes it possible to collect the hydrogen bromide formed, has shown us that in the case of rubber the apparent initial constancy of the bromine consumption is explained by the fact that there is an ozonide replaceable by bromine, and accordingly that the bromine number represents substitution and addition, whereas under the above conditions (10 min. at 0° C.) the original rubber solution in chloroform shows only addition. The ozonide which reacts with bromine may be termed a primary ozonide, and that which is formed later and is stable toward bromine may be called an isozonide. This name originated with Staudinger, who pointed out nine years ago that in the ozonization of olefins it is possible that “molozonides,” or, as we now say primary ozonides, of very unstable type are first formed, which still contain the added molecule of ozone (Formula I) whereas the ordinary end products of ozonization are formed by rearrangement and are to be called isozonides (Formula II). This was concluded by Staudinger from the known behavior of the ozonide in the reduction, which never yields 1,2-glycol but a cleavage of the carbon chain instead. The formation of polymeric ozonides together with quite stable monomers, which are not converted into polymers, is further evidence of this.</jats:p

The Constitution of Rubber

Abstract According to the results of research which has been carried on until now, the rubber formula can hardly be formulated without a ring system. It has either a very large, closed ring of isopentene groups, or a long chain, somewhat as in Formula II, in which the terminal isoprene group has disappeared through ring formation. It is the problem of organic preparative chemistry to carry on in the most exact way the by-no-means hopeless search for the end members of the long-chain 210 natural products, and not to rely wholly upon the results of physical methods alone. The imagination of organic chemists must still more than before seek to trace the characteristic reactions of the end groups, which differ from the remaining chain members. For proteins, the determination of the increase of free terminal amino groups and carboxyl groups in cleavage reactions is already an important method of investigation, and with polysaccharides the reaction of hypoiodite with a free terminal aldehyde group has been carried out with success by Bergmann for determining the length of the chains. In the field of high molecular natural substances, which is so difficult to investigate, we shall consider a concept as certain only if it is supported equally by the results of chemical as well as physical methods of investigation.</jats:p