A Review of Various Routing Protocols in VANET

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) is a subclass of Mobile ad hoc networks which provides a distinguished approach for Intelligent Transport System (ITS). VANET's provide communication between vehicles moving on the roads.Many protocols have been adopted to serve different topology and scenarios. We introduce and reviewPosition based Routing Protocols, Broadcast based routing protocols, Multicast/Geocast routing protocols, Cluster based routing protocols. The survey of routing protocols in VANET is very essential and necessary for smart ITS. This paper also discusses the advantages / disadvantages and the applications of the above mentioned routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks. The challenges and perspectives of routing protocols for VANET's are finally discussed

Compromising social justice in fairtrade?

The study investigates whether Fair Trade Organizations (FTOs) are able to adhere to their principles of social justice and development goals as they enter mainstream markets which are dominated by neo-liberalism, unequal terms of trade and propagation of the "free market" principle. Through a case study of Kala-a craft marketing Fair Trade Organization in West Bengal, India, the paper shows shifts in the development of the FTO, the introduction of a certification regime and the emerging contradiction between the intentions of the FTO and its actual practice in the contemporary period. The implications of shifts in orientation from solidarity based notions of social justice to market oriented social justice, in particular on the weakest link and most vulnerable section who are women craft workers at the bottom of the production chain are investigated. A production chain analysis of handicraft production gives evidence of violation of FT principles and ILO's decent work norms and also reveals characteristics of the informal economy with producers having no entitlements to minimum wages, or social security benefits. There remains gender bias in the employment of women in the fair-trade production chain. The data shows that there is no challenge to gender segmentation and in fact a reinforcement of the feminine stereotype. Declining partnership with cooperatives, rising partnership with large scale NGOs and setting up of a Business Development Unit within the organization are some of the strategic shifts in the FTO. These shifts and the lack of implementation of FT principles indicate that the FTO is succumbing to the logic of the neo liberal mainstream market resulting in a drift away from the social justice principles within the Fairtrade Network. While onstage FTO's use the principle of "fairness" particularly in relation to Northern Corporations, this notion of fairness is not extended to the lower end producers through which they are expanding in the global market

Boundary Detection in 2-D and 3-D Wireless Sensor Networks

In order to track and detect continuous natured objects in wireless sensor networks, large number of sensor nodes are involved. These continuous objects like bio-chemical diffusions, forest fires, oil spills usually spread over larger area. The nodes that sense the phenomena need to communicate with each other for exchanging the information and also send sensing information to sink, possibly by passing through many intermediate nodes. In this paper, we have reviewed boundary detection in 2-D wireless sensor networks as well as in 3-D wireless sensor networks. A comparative study between the both has also been shown. The various challenges encountered in 3-D wireless sensor networks have also been discussed

Baseline titre of Widal amongst healthy blood donors at tertiary care hospital

Background: Indian subcontinent is a hotspot of Typhoid activity with high prevalence rates. The Widal test is one of the commonly used sero-diagnostic test for typhoid fever in developing countries. Lack of proper knowledge of baseline titre of Widal test can lead to over diagnosis of typhoid fever leading to mismanagement of patients. A single cut off value on average titre among healthy individuals needs to be determined. So, the purpose of the present study was to develop recommendations for the interpretation of Widal test results in the local region. The objectives were to determine the baseline Widal titre of study population and to propose titre-values of significance in the diagnosis of enteric fever.Methods: Sera of 242 apparently healthy blood donors from January 2016 to December 2016 in blood bank and Department of Microbiology, Dr. PDMMC, Amravati, Maharashtra, India were subjected to standard quantitative tube and semi-quantitative slide Widal test to know the titre.Results: Highest titre obtained by tube Widal test for TO was 1:320, for TH- 1:160, for AH- 1:80, and for BH- 1:80. Tube Widal titres of ≤1:160 for TO were seen in 238 (98.34%) and for TH titre of ≤1:80 were seen in 238 (98.34%), TO and TH titres of ≥1:160 were seen in 24 (9.91%) and 4 (1.65%) respectively. TO titre of 1:320 was seen in 4(1.65%) and TH titre of 1:160 was seen in 4 (1.64%). Highest titre obtained by semi-quantitative slide Widal for TO was 1:640, for TH, AH and BH was 1:160.Conclusions: We recommend that TO titre of ≥1:320 and TH titre ≥1:160 as diagnostic of typhoid fever and for AH and BH, titres of ≥1:80 should be considered diagnostic respectively in our region. Because of high expected false positivity rate of slide Widal test

A phase II study of dacetuzumab (SGN-40) in patients with relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and correlative analyses of patient-specific factors

BACKGROUND: Patients with DLBCL who are ineligible for or have relapsed after aggressive salvage chemotherapy have a poor prognosis. CD40 is expressed on multiple B-cell neoplasms including DLBCL and is a potential target for immunotherapy. Dacetuzumab (SGN-40), a non-blocking, partial agonist, humanized IgG1, anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, has previously demonstrated anti-lymphoma activity in a phase I study. METHODS: A phase II study was undertaken to evaluate the rate and duration of objective responses and safety of single-agent dacetuzumab in relapsed DLBCL. Forty-six adult patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL received up to 12 cycles of intravenous dacetuzumab using intrapatient dose-escalation to a target dose of 8 mg/kg/week in an initial 5-week cycle, followed by 4-week cycles of 8 mg/kg/week. Study endpoints included rate and duration of objective responses, safety, survival, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, and exploratory correlative studies. RESULTS: Overall response rate was 9% and disease control rate (complete remission + partial remission + stable disease) was 37%. Common non-hematologic adverse events (AEs) included fatigue, headache, chills, fever, and nausea. The most frequent Grade 3–4 non-hematologic AE was deep venous thrombosis (3 patients). Grade 3–4 lymphopenia (41%), neutropenia (13%), or thrombocytopenia (19%) occurred without associated infection or bleeding. Reversible ocular events, including conjunctivitis and ocular hyperemia, occurred in 8 patients (17%). Patient-specific factors, including Fc-gamma-RIIIa polymorphism, did not appear to correlate with antitumor activity. CONCLUSIONS: Single-agent dacetuzumab has modest activity and manageable toxicity in unselected patients with relapsed DLBCL. Combination regimens and robust methods of patient selection may be necessary for further development. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00435916

APPLICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES IN DATA CENTRE ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Cloud computing is one of the leading computing paradigms that offers services like Infrastructure as a Service called IaaS, Platform as a Service called PaaS, Software as a Service called SaaS to users on a pay per use model. The massive data centers that help cloud offer all the above stated services are virtualized. Virtualization enables easy management of resources. However, the massive physical servers in the data centers tend to consume enormous energy, leading to high environmental impact. So, energy conservation with optimum usage and management is one of the prominent areas of research in cloud. The major techniques to manage energy is to identify unused physical resources and put them to low power state or sleep state. But, the usage of resources depends heavily on the user requirements in an elastic environment like cloud. Hence machine learning techniques can be used to predict the usage patterns thereby identifying the physical resources required to fulfill the user demand. This paper aims to survey the avenues wherein machine learning can be applied to help energy management in a cloud data center

Psoas abscess due to mycobacterium tuberculosis: a case report

Iliopsoas abscess (IPA), a collection of pus in the iliopsoas compartment that has traditionally been classified into primary and secondary according to its origin, is an infrequent condition worldwide. Mostly active TB is confined to the lung, but approximately 15% are extrapulmonary. The most common types of extrapulmonary TB are, in descending order of frequency, pleural, lymphatic, bone and joint, genitourinary, miliary disease, meningitis, and peritonitis. Tuberculosis (TB) remains as one of the leading opportunistic infection in patients in developing countries. Here we report a rare case of psoas abscess of tubercular origin in patient who presented with back pain and limping. Diagnosis is done based on history, physical examination, plain radiology, microbiological investigation and CT scan of abdomen which revealed a large psoas abscess caused by M. tuberculosis. Patient was diagnosed as psoas abscess due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and treated empirically with DOTS category I and significant functional improvement was noted on follow up

Study of knowledge, attitude and practice about polycystic ovarian syndrome among PCOS patients

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder with hormonal imbalance affecting the reproductive age. Adequate knowledge and attitude play a vital role in practice of disease. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice about polycystic ovarian syndrome among PCOS patients in south Kerala. Methods: This was a hospital based descriptive study carried out among PCOS patients in a tertiary care hospital for a period of 4 months which included data collection. The 200 subjects were classified based on inclusion and exclusion criteria out of which 38 subjects were lost to follow up hence a total of 162 patients were included in the study. Results: Majority of subjects had good knowledge (85.8%), attitude (69.8%) and practice (53.7%) towards the PCOS. There was a statistically significant association between knowledge towards PCOS and demographic characteristics (education) and there is also significance in case of association between attitude and education. Hence, there is no association between practice and demographic details. The knowledge and attitude, knowledge and practice, attitude and practice were found to have a positive association between them towards PCOS. There was no link between age groups and medication adherence levels. Conclusion: The presents study provides variable insights into the knowledge, attitude and practice towards PCOS among PCOS patients, offers guidance and resource for the future study. The healthcare providers should consider effective communication with PCOS patients. These findings help in implementing awareness towards PCOS and its early detection