Proses Persidangan Perkara Tindak Pidana Pencurian Dilakukan oleh Anak

Dalam proses tumbuh-kembang seorang anak memiliki kecenderungan melakukan kenakalan. Semua disebabkan karena pengaruh lingkungan pergaulan sekitar, pengaruh ekonomi, juga pengaruh moral yang kurang baik. Untuk pelaksanaan pembinaan dan memberikan perlindungan terhadap anak, diperlukan dukungan, baik yang menyangkut kelembagaan maupun perangkat hukum yang lebih mantap dan memadai oleh karena itu ketentuaan mengenai penyelenggaraan pengadilan bagi anak perlu dilakukan secara khusus. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersifat yuridis normatif yaitu penelitian yang menekankan pada ilmu hukum dimana data yang digunakan selalu berpegang pada aspek yuridis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tentang bagaimana proses persidangan pelaku tindak pidana pencurian yang dilakukan oleh anak, serta bagaimana sanksi yang dapat dijatuhkan terhadap pelaku pencurian yang dilakukan oleh anak. Pertama, proses persidangan pelaku tindak pidana pencurian yang dilakukan anak di bawah umur.Batas umur anak nakal yang dapat diajukan ke sidang anak sekurang-kurangnya 8 tahun dan belum mencapai usia 18 tahun atau belum pernah kawin.Penyidikan terhadap perkara Anak dilakukan oleh Penyidik yang ditetapkan berdasarkan Keputusan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia atau pejabat lain yang ditunjuk oleh Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia. Kedua, sanksi yang dapat dijatuhkan terhadap pelaku pencurian yang dilakukan anak di bawah umur. Untuk kualifikasi orang yang melakukan tindak pidana pencurian adalah orang dewasa dan juga anak-anak. Pencurian oleh anak dikualifikasikan sebagai tindakan kenakalan. UU No. 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Peradilan anak mengatur anak hanya dapat dijatuhi pidana atau dikenai tindakan berdasarkan ketentuan dalam Undang-Undang ini. Anak yang belum berusia 14 (empat belas) tahun hanya dapat dikenai tindakan Pidana peringatan merupakan pidana ringan yang tidak mengakibatkan pembatasan kebebasan anak. Dari hasil penelitian dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa untuk proses persidangan anak dilakukan pertama hakim membuka sidang dan menyatakan sidang tertutup untuk umum. Anak dipanggil masuk beserta orang tua/Wali, Advokat atau pemberi bantuan hukum lainnya, dan Pembimbing Kemasyarakatan.Kemudian pembacaan dakwaan oleh jaksa anak, apabila anak tidak hadir, maka Pembimbing Kemasyarakatan membacakan laporan mengenai anak tersebut. Secara umum dijelaskan dalam UU No. 11 Tahun 2012 Tentang Peradilan Anak, bahwa pidana penjara terhadap anak ada 1/2 (satu perdua) pidana penjara bagi orang dewasa. Pidana pembatasan kebebasan yang dijatuhkan terhadap Anak paling lama 1/2 (satuperdua) darimaksimumpidana penjara yang diancamkan terhadap orang dewas

A critical analysis of the UV-continuum slopes of high-redshift galaxies; no evidence (yet) for extreme stellar populations at z > 6

It has recently been reported that the faintest galaxies at z~6-7 display extremely blue UV continuum slopes, with a UV power-law index beta ~ -3. Such slopes are bluer than previously reported for any other galaxy population, and imply extinction-free, young, very low-metallicity stellar populations with a high ionizing photon escape fraction. Here we undertake a critical study of the evidence for such extreme values of beta, combining three new WFC3/IR-selected samples of galaxies spanning ~2 decades in UV luminosity over the redshift range z~4.5-8. We explore the impact of inclusion/exclusion of less robust high-z candidates, and use the varying depths of the samples to explore the effects of noise and selection bias. Simple data-consistency arguments suggest that artificially blue average values of beta can result when the analysis is extended into the deepest ~ 0.5-mag bin of these WFC3/IR-selected samples, regardless of the actual luminosity or z range probed. By confining attention to robust, well-detected high-z galaxy candidates, we find that the average value of beta is consistent with -2.05 +/- 0.10 for z=5-7, and -22 < M_UV < -18. We create and analyse a set of simulations which demonstrate that a bias towards artifically low/blue average values of beta is indeed expected when the UV slope analysis is extended towards the source detection threshold, and conclude that there is as yet no clear evidence for UV slopes significantly bluer than beta ~ -2, the typical value displayed by the bluest star-forming galaxies at more modest z. A robust measurement of beta for the faintest galaxies at z~7-8 remains a key observational goal, as it provides a fundamental test for high escape fractions from a potentially abundant source of reionizing photons. This goal is achievable with HST, but requires still deeper WFC3/IR imaging in the HUDF.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, minor modifications made to make arXiv version match the accepted/published MNRAS versio

Pengaruh Bauran Pemasaran terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Mobil pada PT. Astra International Tbk, Daihatsu Manado

Strategi pemasaran menjadi salah satu faktor penentu perkembangan dan pertumbuhan industri otomotif yang sangat pesat khususnya mobil. Hal ini ditandai dengan terus bertambahnya kuantitas kendaraan yang dimiliki masyarakat dan terlihat pada mobilitas kendaraan yang berada di jalan-jalan kota besar seperti Manado. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui apakah bauran pemasaran yang terdiri dari produk, harga, distribusi dan promosi berpengaruh secara bersama-sama terhadap keputusan pembelian mobil di Daihatsu Paal 2 Manado. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif, lokasi penelitian pada Daihatsu Paal 2 Manado. Populasinya adalah keseluruhan konsumen yang melakukan pembelian mobil merek Daihatsu selama penelitian berlangsung dengan menarik sampel penelitian sebanyak 100 orang untuk memperoleh hasil yang akurat. Analisis data berupa uji validitas dan reliabilitas, uji asumsi klasik, koefisien determinasi, regresi linear sederhana. Hasil penelitian yaitu produk, harga, distribusi dan promosi secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian mobil di PT Astra Daihatsu Paal 2 Manado. Saran yaitu PT Astra Daihatsu Paal 2 Manado perlu menerapkan Bauran Pemasaran secara bersama yang pada akhirnya akan mempengaruhi mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian mobil. Perusahaan juga perlu memperhatikan fakor Distribusi yang merupakan variabel yang paling signifikan mempengaruhi Keputusan Pembelian Mobil dalam penelitian ini

Experimental evidence of thermal fluctuations on the X-ray absorption near-edge structure at the aluminum K-edge

After a review of temperature-dependent experimental x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and related theoretical developments, we present the Al K-edge XANES spectra of corundum and beryl for temperature ranging from 300K to 930K. These experimental results provide a first evidence of the role of thermal fluctuation in XANES at the Al K-edge especially in the pre-edge region. The study is carried out by polarized XANES measurements of single crystals. For any orientation of the sample with respect to the x-ray beam, the pre-edge peak grows and shifts to lower energy with temperature. In addition temperature induces modifications in the position and intensities of the main XANES features. First-principles DFT calculations are performed for both compounds. They show that the pre-edge peak originates from forbidden 1s to 3s transitions induced by vibrations. Three existing theoretical models are used to take vibrations into account in the absorption cross section calculations: i) an average of the XANES spectra over the thermal displacements of the absorbing atom around its equilibrium position, ii) a method based on the crude Born-Oppenheimer approximation where only the initial state is averaged over thermal displacements, iii) a convolution of the spectra obtained for the atoms at the equilibrium positions with an approximate phonon spectral function. The theoretical spectra so obtained permit to qualitatively understand the origin of the spectral modifications induced by temperature. However the correct treatment of thermal fluctuation in XANES spectroscopy requires more sophisticated theoretical tools

Magnetic influence on the frequency of the soft-phonon mode in the incipient ferroelectric EuTiO3

The dielectric constant of the incipient ferroelectric EuTiO$_3$ exhibits a sharp decrease at about 5.5K, at which temperature antiferromagnetic ordering of the Eu spins simultaneously appears, indicating coupling between the magnetism and dielectric properties. This may be attributed to the modification of the soft-phonon mode, $T_{1\mu}$, which is the main contribution to the large dielectric constant, by the Eu spins(7$\mu_B$ per Eu). By adding the coupling term between the magnetic and electrical subsystems as $-g\sum\limits_l {\sum\limits_{< {i,j}} {q_l^2}} \overrightarrow {S_i} \cdot \overrightarrow {S_j}$ we show that the variation of the frequency of soft-phonon mode depends on the spin correlation between the nearest neighbors Eu spins and is substantially changed under a magnetic field.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure

Radio Detection of Cosmic Ray Extensive Air Showers: present status of the CODALEMA experiment

Data acquisition and analysis for the CODALEMA experiment, in operation for more than one year, has provided improved knowledge of the characteristics of this new device. At the same time, an important effort has been made to develop processing techniques for extracting transient signals from data containing interference.Comment: september 200

Radiodetection of Cosmic Ray Extensive Air Showers

We present the characteristics and performance of a demonstration experiment devoted to the observation of ultra high- energy cosmic ray extensive air showers using a radiodetection technique. In a first step, one antenna narrowed band filtered acting as trigger, with a 4 $\sigma$ threshold above sky background-level, was used to tag any radio transient in coincidence on the antenna array. Recently, the addition of 4 particle detectors has allowed us to observe cosmic ray events in coincidence with antennas

Radio Detection of Cosmic Ray Air Showers with Codalema

Studies of the radio detection of Extensive Air Showers is the goal of the demonstrative experiment CODALEMA. Previous analysis have demonstrated that detection around $5.10^{16}$ eV was achieved with this set-up. New results allow for the first time to study the topology of the electric field associated to EAS events on a event by event basis.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures Proceedings of the Rencontres de Moriond, Very High Energy Phenomena in the Universe, La Thuile, Italy (March 12-19, 2005

Radio Detection of Extensive Air Showers with CODALEMA

The principle and performances of the CODALEMA experimental device, set up to study the possibility of high energy cosmic rays radio detection, are presented. Radio transient signals associated to cosmic rays have been identified, for which arrival directions and shower's electric field topologies have been extracted from the antenna signals. The measured rate, about 1 event per day, corresponds to an energy threshold around 5.10^16 eV. These results allow to determine the perspectives offered by the present experimental design for radiodetection of UHECR at a larger scale.Comment: 4 pages and 3 figures. To appear in the Proceedings of the 29th ICRC, Pune (2005

Radioelectric Field Features of Extensive Air Showers Observed with CODALEMA

Based on a new approach to the detection of radio transients associated with extensive air showers induced by ultra high energy cosmic rays, the experimental apparatus CODALEMA is in operation, measuring about 1 event per day corresponding to an energy threshold ~ 5. 10^16 eV. Its performance makes possible for the first time the study of radio-signal features on an event-by-event basis. The sampling of the magnitude of the electric field along a 600 meters axis is analyzed. It shows that the electric field lateral spread is around 250 m (FWHM). The possibility to determine with radio both arrival directions and shower core positions is discussed.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physic