Differential Modulation of igT and igM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary challenges in a Perciform Fish

16 páginas, 8 figuras, 2 tablas.-- This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these termsThree different immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes can be found in teleost fish, IgM, IgD, and the teleost-specific IgT. IgM is considered to have a systemic activity, and IgT is attributed a mucosal role, similar to mammalian IgA. In this study, the complete sequence of gilthead sea bream IgM and IgT in their membrane (m) and soluble (s) forms are described for the first time in a perciform fish. Their constitutive gene expression is analyzed in different tissues, and their regulation upon viral, bacterial, parasitic, mucosal vaccination and dietary challenges are studied. GCB IgM and IgT have the prototypical structure when compared to other fish Igs. The constitutive expression of sIgM was the highest overall in all tissues, whereas mIgT expression was highest in mucosal tissues, such as gills and intestine. IgM and IgT were differentially regulated upon infection. IgT was highly upregulated locally upon infection with the intestinal parasite Enteromyxum leei or systemically after Nodavirus infection. Long-term intestinal parasitic infections increased the serum titer of both isotypes. Mucosal vaccination against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida finely regulated the Ig response inducing a systemic increase of IgM titers in serum and a local IgT response in skin mucus when animals were exposed to the pathogen by bath challenge. Interestingly, plant-based diets inhibit IgT upregulation upon intestinal parasitic challenge, which was related to a worse disease outcome. All these results corroborate the mucosal role of IgT and emphasize the importance of a finely tuned regulation of Ig isotypes upon infection, which could be of special interest in vaccination studiesThis work has been carried out with financial support from by the Spanish MINECO under projects AGL2013-48560-R to JP-S and AS-B and AGL2014-51773-C3-3-R to EG-C. Additional funding was provided by the European Union, through the Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement 634429 (ParaFishControl) and through the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7) under grant 311993 (TARGETFISH). Additional support was provided by Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEOII/2014/085). MCP was supported by the Spanish grant Formación Postdoctoral 2013 (FPDI-2013-15741). We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).Peer reviewe

Adsorption of Lead Using Pogamia Pinata Powder as A Low Cost Adsorbent

The study on performance of low-cost adsorbent such as pinata leaves powder in the removal of Lead (II) ion from aqueous solution is performed. In present study p. piñata Leaves Powder adsorbent prepared. The adsorbent material adopted was found to be an efficient media for removal of Lead (II) ion with different parameter like Adsorbent dosages, Concentration and contact time etc. The different contact time and reduced concentration determines using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). It was found that the metal uptake capacity (amount of removal) of and Lead (II) ion decreased but the adsorption capacity (percentage of removal) increased with the decrease in the concentration of and Lead (II) in the initial sample solution. &nbsp

GSU Event Portal

GSU Event Portal focuses on providing an ease to people who wish to attend new events in a specific area of interest, where the events that are uploaded to the portal will be managed by the Event Organizers who are part of the portal. Portal provides free as well as paid events, so that people can choose events as per their interest. The portal provides Organizers the flexibility to create, manage, edit and remove events of any type and size. On the other side, Visitors can lookup events, they can save an event for their future interest and also pay for an event where applicable. The application provides a user-friendly interface so that the Organizers and the Visitors can get the benefits of the service provided by the event without any trouble. The application helps users to find an event they wish to attend with ease. They can browse events according to location, date and type. The main objective of the portal is advertising which helps the organizers to advertise their events and grab as much attention of the people to make their event more successful. This age is the age of technology and online advertising of event can help the organizers to attract more people in an easy way compared to paper advertisement. The people interested in an event, can even buy tickets of that event through this portal

Biodegradable Polymers and Long-Acting Parenteral Formulations: An Overview

To treat chronic ailments or other serious disorders, patients are frequently required to take daily prescription medications for long periods of time. A frequent and lengthy dose schedule, however, is typically challenging for most patients to follow. Long-acting parenteral formulations (LAPFs) are preferable to traditional ones in management of several ailments. By extending the release time of drug administration, LAPFs may increase patient compliance and, as a result, treatment outcomes. Biodegradable polymer-based long-acting injectable formulations being frequently utilized as drug delivery systems due to their substantial bioavailability, improved encapsulation, controlled release, and lesser toxic characteristics. This review discusses various biodegradable polymers including PLGA, polycaprolactone, hyaluronic acid, and albumin used in Long-acting injectable formulations, and the work reported using that biodegradable polymer for encapsulation of various drugs

Correlations of Composition, Structure, and Hardness in the High-Entropy Alloy System Nb–Mo–Ta–W

Refractory high-entropy alloys are of interest due to the potential of compositionally-complex alloys to achieve combinations of mechanical properties such as room temperature ductility and high-temperature strength rarely found in simpler alloys. To study a large compositional range of the system Nb-Mo-Ta-W, thin-film materials libraries were fabricated by combinatorial sputtering. High-throughput characterization methods were used to systematically determine composition-dependent properties: (I) the extent and stability of the complex solid solution range, (II) mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, hardness). The whole investigated composition range of Nb20-59Mo9-31Ta10-42W12-32 crystallized in a bcc phase, independent of annealing temperatures ranging from 300 to 900 °C. Mechanical strength values of the Nb-Mo-Ta-W compositions were calculated by using the Maresca-Curtin analytical model parameterized with experimental data. A strong positive correlation with measured hardness was observed, that allows using this analytical model for optimization of the mechanical strength. We predict that compositions with high Mo contents provide the highest hardness values

A green bio-organic catalyst (taurine) promoted one-pot synthesis of (R/S)-2-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine(TDHPM)-5-carboxanilides: chiral investigations using circular dichroism and validation by computational approaches

Owing to the massive importance of dihydropyrimidine (DHPMs) scaffolds in the pharmaceutical industry and other areas, we developed an effective and sustainable one-pot reaction protocol for the synthesis of (R/S)-2-thioxo-DHPM-5-carboxanilides via the Biginelli-type cyclo-condensation reaction of aryl aldehydes, thiourea and various acetoacetanilide derivatives in ethanol at 100 °C. In this protocol, taurine was used as a green and reusable bio-organic catalyst. Twenty-three novel derivatives of (R/S)-TDHPM-5-carboxanilides and their structures were confirmed by various spectroscopy techniques. The aforementioned compounds were synthesized via the formation of one asymmetric centre, one new C–C bond, and two new C–N bonds in the final product. All the newly synthesized compounds were obtained in their racemic form with up to 99% yield. In addition, the separation of the racemic mixture of all the newly synthesized compounds was carried out by chiral HPLC (Prep LC), which provided up to 99.99% purity. The absolute configuration of all the enantiomerically pure isomers was determined using a circular dichroism study and validated by a computational approach. With up to 99% yield of 4d, this one-pot synthetic approach can also be useful for large-scale industrial production. One of the separated isomers (4R)-(+)-4S developed as a single crystal, and it was found that this crystal structure was orthorhombic

A green bio-organic catalyst (taurine) promoted one-pot synthesis of (R/S)-2-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine(TDHPM)-5-carboxanilides: chiral investigations using circular dichroism and validation by computational approaches

Owing to the massive importance of dihydropyrimidine (DHPMs) scaffolds in the pharmaceutical industry and other areas, we developed an effective and sustainable one-pot reaction protocol for the synthesis of (R/S)-2-thioxo-DHPM-5-carboxanilides via the Biginelli-type cyclo-condensation reaction of aryl aldehydes, thiourea and various acetoacetanilide derivatives in ethanol at 100 °C. In this protocol, taurine was used as a green and reusable bio-organic catalyst. Twenty-three novel derivatives of (R/S)-TDHPM-5-carboxanilides and their structures were confirmed by various spectroscopy techniques. The aforementioned compounds were synthesized via the formation of one asymmetric centre, one new C–C bond, and two new C–N bonds in the final product. All the newly synthesized compounds were obtained in their racemic form with up to 99% yield. In addition, the separation of the racemic mixture of all the newly synthesized compounds was carried out by chiral HPLC (Prep LC), which provided up to 99.99% purity. The absolute configuration of all the enantiomerically pure isomers was determined using a circular dichroism study and validated by a computational approach. With up to 99% yield of 4d, this one-pot synthetic approach can also be useful for large-scale industrial production. One of the separated isomers (4R)-(+)-4S developed as a single crystal, and it was found that this crystal structure was orthorhombic

Compendium of Regenerative Agriculture: A Guide to Sustainable and Resilient Production Systems

In a world grappling with the profound impacts of climate change and environmental degradation, the need for a transformative shift in our approach to agriculture has never been more urgent. While conventional farming has significantly increased our food supply, it has also contributed to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions, soil depletion, and a decline in biodiversity. As the effects of these practices become increasingly evident, the call for more sustainable solutions grows louder. Enter regenerative agriculture—a beacon of hope and a promising path forward. This compendium offers a deep dive into the essence of regenerative agriculture, exploring its principles and practices and uncovering how it can address the complex challenges facing modern farming. Climate change, driven by human activities, has led to rising temperatures, erratic weather patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. Agriculture, inherently connected to these climatic shifts, is particularly vulnerable. Traditional farming methods exacerbate these challenges by relying on intensive chemical inputs, monocultures, and soil-degrading practices. Livestock, rice paddies, and synthetic fertilizers release significant amounts of methane and nitrous oxide—potent greenhouse gases that intensify global warming. These conventional practices emit greenhouse gases and compromise soil health, diminishing its ability to sequester carbon and support productive agriculture. Against this backdrop of environmental strain, regenerative agriculture emerges as a transformative and hopeful vision. It invites us to reimagine agriculture not merely as a place of production but as a vibrant, interconnected ecosystem. By focusing on rejuvenating soil health, conserving water, and fostering biodiversity, regenerative practices offer a path to mitigate climate impacts and enhance food security. This shift is especially crucial in countries like India, where agriculture is not only a way of life but a lifeline for millions and where pressing issues such as water scarcity, soil degradation, and climate vulnerability demand urgent attention. At the heart of regenerative agriculture lies the understanding that soil is a living, breathing entity rich with microbial life—an essential foundation for agricultural productivity. Regenerative practices—such as minimizing soil disturbance, employing cover crops, and diversifying crop rotations—are designed to enhance soil health and resilience. These methods align with natural processes, harnessing the power of ecosystems to restore and sustain the land. Unlike industrial farming, which often depletes soil and biodiversity, regenerative agriculture aims to heal and balance our natural resources. This compendium delves into the fundamental principles of regenerative agriculture: minimizing soil disturbance, maximizing crop diversity, keeping soil covered, maintaining living roots year-round, and integrating livestock. Each principle is explored in depth, highlighting its significance for soil health, carbon sequestration, and farm resilience. By adopting a holistic perspective that transcends individual farm boundaries, regenerative agriculture fosters collaborative efforts to build resilient and sustainable food systems. This compendium reveals how regenerative agriculture can redefine our relationship with the land by comprehensively examining these principles. It underscores the necessity of moving beyond traditional practices and advocating for methods that sustain and enhance the health of our ecosystems. As we navigate the complexities of climate change and environmental degradation, regenerative agriculture offers a pathway to a more sustainable and resilient future. This compendium invites you to explore these transformative practices, appreciate their benefits, and envision a future where agriculture harmoniously coexists with the natural world, ensuring a healthier planet for future generations

Utilizing international networks for accelerating research and learning in transformational sustainability science

A promising approach for addressing sustainability problems is to recognize the unique conditions of a particular place, such as problem features and solution capabilities, and adopt and adapt solutions developed at other places around the world. Therefore, research and teaching in international networks becomes critical, as it allows for accelerating learning by sharing problem understandings, successful solutions, and important contextual considerations. This article identifies eight distinct types of research and teaching collaborations in international networks that can support such accelerated learning. The four research types are, with increasing intensity of collaboration: (1) solution adoption; (2) solution consultation; (3) joint research on different problems; and (4) joint research on similar problems. The four teaching types are, with increasing intensity of collaboration: (1) adopted course; (2) course with visiting faculty; (3) joint course with traveling faculty; and (4) joint course with traveling students. The typology is illustrated by extending existing research and teaching projects on urban sustainability in the International Network of Programs in Sustainability, with partner universities from Europe, North America, Asia, and Africa. The article concludes with challenges and strategies for extending individual projects into collaborations in international networks.Postprint (author's final draft