EFECTOS RACIALES Y AMBIENTALES SOBRE EL PESO AL NACER, PESO AL DESTETE E INTERVALO ENTRE PARTOS EN GANADO CEBÚ EN EL SURESTE DE MÉXICO

Records of beef cows from a ranch in southern Mexico gave 1967 birth weights (BW), 1587 weaning weights adjusted to 210 days of age (AWW) and 2001 calving intervals (CI) for the comparison of the breed groups: Brahman (BR), Guzerat (GU), Nellore (NE) and crosses born to zebu dams by Brown Swiss sires. Animals were fed mainly pasture. Data were analysed using general linear procedures. The statistical model that described the data for BW and AWW included the fixed effects of breed group (BR, GU, NE, BS x BR, BS x GU and BS x NE); year of birth or calving (2005 to 2014), season of parity of the cow (dry, rainy, windy), sex of the calf (female or male), parity (1 to =>8) and the simple interaction of year x season of birth or calving. The model for CI was similar to the previous one, except that only the Zebu purebreds were included. The overall means and standard deviations for BW, AWW and CI were 33.5+0.75 kg, 178.9+19.7 kg and 456.4+79.2 days. All effects included in the model had significant effect on BW and AWW, but season and sex on CI. The smallest least squares means for BW corresponded to the cross of BR x NE and the largest to the cross of BS x BR (33.3 and 33.7 kg, respectively); whereas the lowest and largest least squares means for AWW corresponded to the NE (173.8 kg) and BS x BR (191.8 kg). NE cows had shorter CI than BR and GU cows (413.9, 446.2 and 481.3, respectively). Male calves weighed more at birth and weaning than females. Year x season interaction indicate that season effects on performance of calves or cows were not similar throughout the years studied. Registros de vacas de carne de un rancho del sureste de México de 1967 pesos al nacer (PN), 1587 pesos al destete ajustados a 210 días de edad (PDA) y 2001 intervalos entre partos (IEP) fueron analizados para comparar los grupos raciales Brahman (BR), Guzerat (GU), Nelore (NE) y cruzas de vacas cebú con toros suizos. Los animales estuvieron en pastoreo principalmente. Los datos fueron analizados usando procedimientos de modelos generales. El modelo estadístico que describió los PN y PDA incluyó los efectos fijos de grupo de raza (BR, GU, NE, BS x BR, BS x GU and BS x NE), año de nacimiento o parto (2005 to 2014), época de parto de la vaca (seca, lluviosa y nortes), sexo de la cría (hembra o macho), parto (1 a 8) y las interacciones simples de año por época de nacimiento o parto. El modelo para IEP fue similar al modelo previo, excepto que sólo las razas cebuínas puras fueron incluidas. Las medias generales y desviaciones estándares para PN, PDA e IEP fueron 33.5+0.75 kg, 178.9+19.7 kg y 456.4+79.2 días, respectivamente. Todos los efectos incluidos en el modelo tuvieron efecto significativo sobre PN, PDA, excepto época y sexo sobre IEP. La menor media de mínimos cuadrados para PN correspondió a la cruza BR x NE y la mayor a la cruza BS x BR (33.3 and 33.7 kg, respectivamente); mientras que la menor y mayor media de cuadrados mínimos para PDA correspondió a la raza NE (173.8 kg) y la cruz BS x BR (191.8 kg). Las vacas NE tuvieron IEP más cortos que las vacas BR y GU (413.9, 446.2 y 481.3, respectivamente). Las crías macho pesaron más al nacimiento y al destete que las hembras. La interacción de año por época indica que el comportamiento de los becerros o vacas en las distintas épocas no fue similar en los diferentes años. 

Socio-economic and Technical Characteristics of Backyard Animal Husbandry in Two Rural Communities of Yucatan, Mexico

This research work was conducted in order to asses the socio-economic and technical aspects of backyard animal rearing in two communities of Yucatán, México. One hundred and thirty nine families were interviewed in Sudzal (C1) and 117 families in San Jose Tzal (C2). A structured questionnaire was used to interview the families on technical and socio-economic aspects. Using this information the technical level of animal husbandry and a index of socio-economic status of the families involved in backyard animal rearing in both communities were determined. In C1 46.8% of the interviewed families reared animals in their backyard in comparison to 70.9% in C2. Main animal species kept in the backyard were chickens (C1= 92.3% and C2= 88.0), turkeys (C1= 63.1% and C2= 55.4%) and pigs (C1= 38.5% and 1C2= 5. 7% in C1 and C2 respectively). In C2 100% of pigs kept in the backyard were of the commercial type. Technical level in animal production was significantly higher (P 0.0001) in C2 than in C1, because utilisation of commercial diets was higher in C2 (P 0.001) than in C1. The families of C2 had a higher socio-economic level (P 0.002) than families from C1, because families of C2 have houses built with lasting materials (P 0.0001) and the occupation of the head of the family was associated with higher income (merchants or employees) (P 0.0001). The correlation coefficients between socio-economic status and technical level in backyard animal production showed that 84% of the technical level was explained by the socio-economic status. It can be concluded that socio-economic status has a high influence on backyard animal production characteristics. The socio-economic status determine the number of animals kept and the technical level in animal rearing

Índices de selección en ganado braunvieh en méxico usando metodología de ganancia deseada

Selection indexes were developed for productive and reproductive characteristics of Braunvieh cattle in México, through the desired gain procedure. The data for this study were obtained from the Mexican Braunvieh Cattle Association. Records from 21,547 animals born in 86 herds, offspring of 632 studs and 10,976 cows during 1979 to 2010, were used. The characteristics studied were weight at birth (PN), weight at weaning (PD), weight after one year (PA), age at first labor (EPP), and interval between labors (IEP). Five selection indexes that included 3, 4 or 5 characteristics simultaneously were constructed. The coefficients of the indexes (b) were calculated based on the Yamada methodology, such as b(G’ R)1 Q; where: Gnm is the matrix of genetic variances-covariances of the characteristics used as selection criteria (X) and selection objectives (Q); where: Qm1 is the vector of desired genetic changes for the m characteristics; Rnn is the diagonal matrix of the Wright kinship coefficients. The genetic gain per generation for the i-th characteristic was calculated as: GiiI Cov (Gi, I)/ I; where: iIindex intensity; Cov (Gi, I)covariance of the genetic value of the characteristic and index; I(b’Pb)1/2standard deviation of the index; and Pnn matrix of phenotypic variances-covariances. Based on the responses expected and the number of generations necessary to achieve the gains desired, the best indexes were I2 and I4

Type 2 Diabetes Variants Disrupt Function of SLC16A11 through Two Distinct Mechanisms

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects Latinos at twice the rate seen in populations of European descent. We recently identified a risk haplotype spanning SLC16A11 that explains ∼20% of the increased T2D prevalence in Mexico. Here, through genetic fine-mapping, we define a set of tightly linked variants likely to contain the causal allele(s). We show that variants on the T2D-associated haplotype have two distinct effects: (1) decreasing SLC16A11 expression in liver and (2) disrupting a key interaction with basigin, thereby reducing cell-surface localization. Both independent mechanisms reduce SLC16A11 function and suggest SLC16A11 is the causal gene at this locus. To gain insight into how SLC16A11 disruption impacts T2D risk, we demonstrate that SLC16A11 is a proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter and that genetic perturbation of SLC16A11 induces changes in fatty acid and lipid metabolism that are associated with increased T2D risk. Our findings suggest that increasing SLC16A11 function could be therapeutically beneficial for T2D. Video Abstract [Figure presented] Keywords: type 2 diabetes (T2D); genetics; disease mechanism; SLC16A11; MCT11; solute carrier (SLC); monocarboxylates; fatty acid metabolism; lipid metabolism; precision medicin

Search for supersymmetry in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV using identified top quarks

A search for supersymmetry is presented based on proton-proton collision events containing identified hadronically decaying top quarks, no leptons, and an imbalance p(T)(miss) in transverse momentum. The data were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). Search regions are defined in terms of the multiplicity of bottom quark jet and top quark candidates, the p(T)(miss) , the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta, and themT2 mass variable. No statistically significant excess of events is observed relative to the expectation from the standard model. Lower limits on the masses of supersymmetric particles are determined at 95% confidence level in the context of simplified models with top quark production. For a model with direct top squark pair production followed by the decay of each top squark to a top quark and a neutralino, top squark masses up to 1020 GeVand neutralino masses up to 430 GeVare excluded. For amodel with pair production of gluinos followed by the decay of each gluino to a top quark-antiquark pair and a neutralino, gluino masses up to 2040 GeVand neutralino masses up to 1150 GeVare excluded. These limits extend previous results.Peer reviewe

Productividad de ovejas F1 Pelibuey x Blackbelly y sus cruces con Dorper y Katahdin en un sistema de producción del trópico húmedo de Tabasco, México

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance and productivity of F1 Pelibuey x Blackbelly (P x B) ewes and their crosses with Dorper and Katahdin (Synthetic). 1612 lambing intervals (LI), 1265 prolificacy (Pr), 1263 adjusted litter weaning weights to 91 days (WWa) and1200 productivity (PROD) data were analysed. The statistical model included the fixed effects of maternal breed group (MBG), year of lambing (YL), season of lambing(SL), parity number (PN), litter size at weaning (LSW), lambing interval group (LIG) and first-order interactions. The effect of dam nested within MBG was included as random effect. The means ± SE for Pr, LI, WWa and PROD were 1.2 ± 0.01 lambs, 261.5 ± 1.9 days, 18.5 ± 0,1 kg and 16.8 ± 0,2 kg, of lamb weaned, respectively. Repeatabilities for the traits were also calculated. Except by maternal breed group, all main effects in the models were significant (P < 0.001); only season of lambing did not affect Pr. Repeatabilities were 0.05 ± 0.03, 0.13 ± 0.03, 0.10 ± 0.03 and 0.12 ± 0.03 for LI, Pr, WWa and PROD, respectively. Partial correlations of PROD with WWa and LI were 0.84 and -0.56, respectively. In conclusion, the P x B ewes had similar performance to the Synthetic group. The environmental factors have more importance than the genetics effects.  El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento reproductivo y productividad de ovejas F1 Pelibuey x Blackbelly (P x B) y sus cruces con Dorper y Katahdin (Sintético). Se analizaron 1.612 datos de intervalos entre partos (IEP), 1.265 de prolificidad (Pr), 1.263 de peso de la camada al destete ajustado a 91 días (PCDA) y 1.200 de productividad (PROD). El modelo estadístico incluyó los efectos fijos de grupo racial materno (GRM), año de parto (AP), época de parto (EP), número de parto (NP) y tamaño de la camada al destete (TCD), grupo de intervalos entre partos (GIP) y las interacciones de primer orden. El efecto de la madre dentro de GRM fue incluido como efecto aleatorio. Se calculó el índice de constancia de IEP, Pr, PCDA y PROD. Las medias generales de Pr, IEP, PCDA y PROD fueron 1,2 ± 0,01 corderos, 261,5 ± 1,9 días, 18,5 ± 0,1 kg y 16,8 ± 0,2 kg de cordero destetado, respectivamente. Excepto por grupo racial materno, todos los factores considerados en este estudio afectaron a todas las variables de respuesta. Asimismo la época de parto no afectó la prolificidad. Los índices de constancia estimados fueron 0,05 ± 0,03, 0,13 ± 0,03, 0,10 ± 0,03 y 0,12 ± 0,03 para IEP, Pr, PCDA y PROD, respectivamente. Las correlaciones parciales de PROD con IEP y PCDA fueron -0,56 y 0,84, respectivamente. Se concluye que la productividad del grupo racial materno P x B es similar al grupo Sintético, y que los efectos ambientales tienen más importancia que los efectos genéticos. &nbsp

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Observation of Top Quark Production in Proton-Nucleus Collisions

Peer reviewe

Spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblage associated with aquatic macrophyte patches in the littoral zone of the Ayapel Swamp Complex, Colombia

ABSTRACT: Aim: The purpose of the present study was to examine spatial and temporal variation in fish assemblage structure associated with aquatic macrophytes in the littoral zone of the ASC. Methods: Specimens were caught between January 2008 and February 2009, over four limnimetric moments, using both cast net and seine net. Data on the temperature, electrical conductivity, pH and dissolved oxygen was recorded for the characterization of the water mass in the sites. Results: A total of 34,151 specimens from 44 species were collected. The most abundant species were Eigenmannia virescens, Astyanax caucanus, Astyanax fasciatus, Roeboides dayi and Cyphocharax magdalenae, which together accounted for more than 75% of the sample. Temporal and spatial comparisons showed variation in the environmental conditions and highlighted the existence of heterogeneous abiotic conditions (p0.05) regarding the fish assemblage structure. The multivariate analysis showed no significant relationship between existing environmental conditions and the fish assemblage (p=0.04). The analysis also showed the absence of a relationship between the fish assemblage and environmental variables with respect to the flood pulse and sampling sites (p>0.05). Conclusion: The uniformity of the fish communities that inhabit aquatic macrophyte patches in the littoral region of the ASC may be related to the availability of suitable habitat in structural terms, that probably supports a more abundant and varied wildlife

Pros and cons of different therapeutic antibody formats for recombinant antivenom development.

Antibody technologies are being increasingly applied in the field of toxinology. Fuelled by the many advances in immunology, synthetic biology, and antibody research, different approaches and antibody formats are being investigated for the ability to neutralize animal toxins. These different molecular formats each have their own therapeutic characteristics. In this review, we provide an overview of the advances made in the development of toxin-targeting antibodies, and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of different antibody formats in relation to their ability to neutralize toxins, pharmacokinetic features, propensity to cause adverse reactions, formulation, and expression for research and development (R&D) purposes and large-scale manufacturing. A research trend seems to be emerging towards the use of human antibody formats as well as camelid heavy-domain antibody fragments due to their compatibility with the human immune system, beneficial therapeutic properties, and the ability to manufacture these molecules cost-effectively