Sexual dimorphism, fresh water dispersal range, and prey items of Marine toads (Rhinella marina) in Lennox Head, Australia

The invasive cane or marine toad (Rhinella marina) has spread across much of Australia since its initial introduction in 1935. Naturally found in Central and South America, R. marina was introduced to Northern Queensland to control cane insect pest populations. This study was conducted at Lake Ainsworth, Lerui.ox Head, New South Wales, Australia to determine if there was sexual dimorphism amoflg ~dult males, adult females, and juveniles by measuring snout-vent length (SVL) and weight. Additional research objectives included determining aquatic range dispersal between adult male and female cane toads, and stomach contents of adult male, adult female, and juvenile by prey order and abundance. There were significant differences detected between SVL of males with small testes (80.00 ± 9.35) and males with developed testes (102.1 ± 11.3, p = 0.007), SVL between gravid females (111.4 ± 16.1) and non-gravid females (95.7 ± 12.1,p = 0.039), and weight between male cane toads (90.9 ± 31.3) and gravid females (145.6 ± 66.7,p = 0.011). There was no significant difference in weight between males (90.9 ± 31.3) and non-gravid females (82.1 ± 34.0, p = 0.506), or SVL between males (102.1 ± 11.3) and females (103.6 ± 16.1, p = 0.637). Insect orders in the stomach contents of R. marina included Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Arachnida, Diptera, Blattodea, Isoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Odonata, and Dermaptera! . This species likely competes with native species found in the area such as: Limnodyn4sles terraereginae, Liloria caeruiea, Liloria nasuta, Liloria chloris, Liloria brevipalmala, Limnodynastes peronii, Litoria pe ron ii, Crinia signifera, Liloria fallax, Limnodynastes ornatus, Liloria gracilenta, and Liloria tyleri, which also feed on small insects. Several other native species of anurans from New South Wales such as Pseudophryne corroboree, P. dendyi, P. bibroni, Crinia signifera, and Hyla verreauxi had stomach contents that contained the orders Collembola, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Hemiptera, Diptera, Acarina, Araneae, Orthoptera, Odonata, and Diplopoda, suggesting that cane toads compete directly for food resources with the native species.Honors CollegeThesis (B.?.

A comparison of methods for calculating general practice level socioeconomic deprivation

Background: A measure of the socioeconomic deprivation experienced by the registered patient population of a general practice is of interest because it can be used to explore the association between deprivation and a wide range of other variables measured at practice level. If patient level geographical data are available a population weighted mean area-based deprivation score can be calculated for each practice. In the absence of these data, an area-based deprivation score linked to the practice postcode can be used as an estimate of the socioeconomic deprivation of the practice population. This study explores the correlation between Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004 (IMD) scores linked to general practice postcodes (main surgery address alone and main surgery plus any branch surgeries), practice population weighted mean IMD scores, and practice level mortality (aged 1 to 75 years, all causes) for 38 practices in Rotherham UK. Results: Population weighted deprivation scores correlated with practice postcode based scores (main surgery only, Pearson r = 0.74, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.85; main plus branch surgeries, r = 0.79, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.89). All cause mortality aged 1 to 75 correlated with deprivation (main surgery postcode based measure, r = 0.50, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.71; main plus branch surgery based score, r = 0.55, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.74); population weighted measure, r = 0.66, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.81). Conclusion: Practice postcode linked IMD scores provide a valid proxy for a population weighted measure in the absence of patient level data. However, by using them, the strength of association between mortality and deprivation may be underestimated

Coupled Riccati equations for complex plane constraint

A new Linear Quadratic Gaussian design method is presented which provides prescribed imaginary axis pole placement for optimal control and estimation systems. This procedure contributes another degree of design freedom to flexible spacecraft control. Current design methods which interject modal damping into the system tend to have little affect on modal frequencies, i.e., they predictably shift open plant poles horizontally in the complex plane to form the closed loop controller or estimator pole constellation, but make little provision for vertical (imaginary axis) pole shifts. Imaginary axis shifts which reduce the closed loop model frequencies (the bandwidths) are desirable since they reduce the sensitivity of the system to noise disturbances. The new method drives the closed loop modal frequencies to predictable (specified) levels, frequencies as low as zero rad/sec (real axis pole placement) can be achieved. The design procedure works through rotational and translational destabilizations of the plant, and a coupling of two independently solved algebraic Riccati equations through a structured state weighting matrix. Two new concepts, gain transference and Q equivalency, are introduced and their use shown

Preparation, analysis and release of simulated interplanetary grains into low Earth orbit

Astronomical observations which reflect the optical and dynamical properties of interstellar and interplanetary grains are the primary means of identifying the shape, size, and the chemistry of extraterrestrial grain materials. Except for recent samplings of extraterrestrial particles in near-Earth orbit and in the stratosphere observations were the only method of deducing the properties of extraterrestrial particles. In order to elucidate the detailed characteristics of observed dust, the observations must be compared with theoretical studies, some of which are discussed in this volume, or compared with terrestrial laboratory experiments. The formation and optical characterization of simulated interstellar and interplanetary dust with particular emphasis on studying the properties on irregularly shaped particles were discussed. Efforts to develop the techniques to allow dust experiments to be carried out in low-Earth orbit were discussed, thus extending the conditions under which dust experiments may be performed