Keamanan Energi dan Hubungan Kerja Sama Cina-Jepang

This article explores the Chinese and Japanese energy relationship by describing changes in the Chinese energy situation as a starting point. The article breaks down that the strength of the Chinese domestic energy since the 1970s and the decade of the 1980s make the country's independent in energy and become the largest oil exporter country, especially to the energy poor neighbor, Japan. However, entering the decade of the 1990s or the end of the post-Cold War era, the situation changed drastically when China faces the energy crisis. The change status bring a wide range of implications for Japan and influence the bilateral energy relations of the two countries, which tend to be ambivalent or ambiguous, between energy cooperation and the potential of conflict. As main purpose of this paper is to identify which energy issues are a direct influence on the behavior of the interaction between China and Japan and as knowledge contribution in understanding the issues of energy itself and the Sino-Japanese relations as a whole. The main assumption of this article is that the energy security factor is a very important issue and significant in shaping the nature and pattern of Sino-Japanese relations, because it raises consideration of national interests and national security of both countries, particularly in the present and the future

EFEKTIVITAS HIDROGEN PEROKSIDA DALAM PENGENDALIAN INFEKSI EKTOPARASIT PADA IKAN LELE Clarias gariepinus

Penggunaan bahan kimiawi yang aman dan ramah lingkungan merupakan salah satu metode yang banyak digunakan untuk pengobatan penyakit parasitik pada budidaya ikan, meskipun masih sedikit informasi mengenai efektivitas penggunaan hidrogen peroksida untuk pengobatan penyakit parasitik pada ikan air tawar di Indonesia. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui dosis efektif hidrogen peroksida (H2O2) dan pengaruhnya terhadap infeksi ektoparasit pada ikan lele Clarias gariepinus. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah penambahan H2O2 dalam media pemeliharaan dengan dosis berbeda yaitu: (A) aplikasi H2O2 dosis 100 mg/L, (B) aplikasi H2O2 dosis 200 mg/L, (C) aplikasi H2O2 dosis 300 mg/L, dan (D) tanpa aplikasi H2O2 atau kontrol. Pemberian hidrogen peroksida dilakukan satu kali pada awal pengujian dan tiap perlakuan menggunakan tiga ulangan. Pemeriksaan sampel dilakukan setiap hari terhadap tingkat infestasi dan prevalensi ektoparasit selama enam hari pemeliharaan. Pengamatan hanya dilakukan pada parasit dewasa yang memiliki organ tubuh lengkap dan telah melewati fase telur. Fokus penelitian untuk memperoleh informasi dosis H2O2 yang paling efektif menekan infeksi ektoparasit selama enam hari pengujian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi hidrogen peroksida dosis 300 mg/L efektif menekan tingkat infestasi dan prevalensi parasit Trichodina sp., Dactylogyrus sp., dan Gyrodactylus sp., diikuti dosis 200 mg/L, 100 mg/L, dan terendah pada kontrol. Berdasarkan analisis statistik diperoleh nilai infestasi parasit yang berbeda nyata (P<0,05) antara perlakuan aplikasi H2O2 dibandingkan dengan kontrol atau tanpa aplikasi H2O2.Chemical compounds that are safe and environmentally friendly has been widely used to treat parasitic diseases in fish farming. However, there is limited information on the effectiveness of the application of hydrogen peroxide to treat parasitic diseases in freshwater fish in Indonesia. The study was aimed to determine the effective dose of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and its influence on the presence of ectoparasites on Clarias gariepinus catfish. The treatment used was the addition of H2O2 in the media preservation at different doses, namely: the application of H2O2 dose of (A) 100 mg/L, (B) 200 mg/L, (C) 300 mg/L, and (D) without H2O2 or control. Treatment media were exposed to hydrogen peroxide once at the beginning of the test and each treatment used three replications. Infestation and ectoparasite prevalence were observed daily for six days. The observations were only performed on adult parasites that have complete organs and passed the egg stage. The study focuses on obtaining the most effective dose of H2O2 to suppress ectoparasite infection within six days. The results showed that the application of hydrogen peroxide of 300 mg/L was the most effective dose to suppress the infestation level and prevalence of Trichodina sp., Dactylogyrus sp., and Gyrodactylus sp., followed by 200 mg/L, 100 mg/L, and the lowest was in control. The statistical analysis of the parasite infestation had shown a significant difference (P<0.05) between the treatment of H2O2 as compared with the control

Self-cleaning and colour-preserving efficiency of photocatalytic concrete: case study of the Jubilee Church in Rome

The Jubilee Church in the south-eastern outskirts of Rome is one of the first buildings constructed with super white reinforced concrete with self-cleaning photocatalytic cement. However, 16 years after the opening of the building, the self-cleaning and colour-preserving properties arising from the titania particles (TiO2) within the concrete mix are not meeting the design requirements and the concrete is showing premature evidence of decay. While the form of the decay is affecting the appearance of the building and not its structural soundness, the ageing pattern of the building's components is resulting in a high maintenance cost, one not easily affordable within the ordinary budget supported by a small parish. This study comprises the first comprehensive step in understanding the causes of the accelerated ageing pattern of the concrete, highlighting methods to improve the long-term durability of the concrete and therefore reduce the cost of its maintenance. Moreover, this research offered the opportunity to test the durability and the effectiveness of the TiO2 in the real conditions on an actual building featuring non-standard geometries. The findings highlight how the ageing pattern directly connects with the geometry of the building and inadequate consideration of the local weathering at the design stage

PERANCANGAN ULANG DAN SIMULASI TATA LETAK FASILITAS PRODUKSI GRIPPER RUBBER SEAL DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA CORELAP, ALDEP, DAN FLEXSIM

ABC adalah salah satu perusahaan yang berusaha di bidang manufaktur penghasil gripper rubber seal. Perusahaan ini memiliki masalah dalam tata letak lantai produksinya yaitu  terdapat crossmovement dan jarak pada beberapa stasiun juga terlalu jauh yang menyebabkan aliran bahan terganggu. Permasalahan ini dapat diselesaikan dengan melakukan perbaikan tata letak lantai produksi menggunakan metode CORELAP dan ALDEP kemudian dilakukan simulasi dengan software Flexsim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang tata letak fasilitas usulan yang dapat meminimalkan jarak perpindahan bahan dengan  membandingkan efisiensi momen perpindahan tataletak aktual dengan tataletak yang diusulkan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya penurunan total momen perpindahan pada lantai produksi PT. ABC dari 14.495,08 meter/bulan menjadi 5930,19 meter/bulan dengan menggunakan algoritma CORELAP dan sebesar 7.369,7 meter/bulan pada algoritma ALDEP. Efisiensi jarak pada layout usulan juga meningkat dari 53,67% menjadi 93,74% pada algoritma CORELAP dan 78,18% pada algoritma ALDEP. Setelah dilakukan simulasi untuk mencari metode yang terbaik, didapatkan layout usulan yang terpilih merupakan layout hasil algoritma CORELAP dengan kilometers traveled per day 1,9 km/hari

The NE Atlantic region: a reappraisal of crustal structure, tectonostratigraphy and magmatic evolution: an introduction to the NAG-TEC project

The NE Atlantic region and its continental margins (Fig. 1) hold unique information for understanding many aspects of Earth science, from global geodynamics to palaeoceanography and global environmental change. It also holds some of the world's most important hydrocarbon reserves from the North Sea, along the Atlantic margins of Ireland, Britain and Norway, and into the Arctic in the Barents Sea. Historically, studies in the NE Atlantic were important for establishing many of the key ideas during the early part of the plate tectonic revolution. Linear magnetic anomalies along the Reykjanes Ridge were identified as early as in the 1960s (Heirtzler et al. 1966) and provided strong evidence for the seafloor spreading hypothesis (Dietz 1961), which by then had been established as a new and holistic theory (Ewing & Heezen 1956). At the same time, Iceland was already recognized as an intriguing anomalous entity (Böðvarsson & Walker 1964) and contributed to knowledge about how Earth's magnetic field reversed its polarity through time. The fact that rifting occurs in close association with old sutures and orogenic belts led Wilson to propose that the Atlantic Ocean closed and opened again, establishing the concept of the ‘Wilson tectonic cycle’ (Wilson 1966; Dewey 1969). The North Atlantic continental margins have long been considered as archetypal, and divergent margins world-wide are commonly described as ‘Atlantic-type passive margins’. However, it is now accepted that these so-called ‘passive’ margins remain dynamic long after break-up, including post-rift vertical movements of up to kilometre scale. The type examples for such epeirogenic movements being, once again, the North Atlantic margin

New Insights into the Evolution of Wolbachia Infections in Filarial Nematodes Inferred from a Large Range of Screened Species

Wolbachia are intriguing symbiotic endobacteria with a peculiar host range that includes arthropods and a single nematode family, the Onchocercidae encompassing agents of filariases. This raises the question of the origin of infection in filariae. Wolbachia infect the female germline and the hypodermis. Some evidences lead to the theory that Wolbachia act as mutualist and coevolved with filariae from one infection event: their removal sterilizes female filariae; all the specimens of a positive species are infected; Wolbachia are vertically inherited; a few species lost the symbiont. However, most data on Wolbachia and filaria relationships derive from studies on few species of Onchocercinae and Dirofilariinae, from mammals.We investigated the Wolbachia distribution testing 35 filarial species, including 28 species and 7 genera and/or subgenera newly screened, using PCR, immunohistochemical staining, whole mount fluorescent analysis, and cocladogenesis analysis. (i) Among the newly screened Onchocercinae from mammals eight species harbour Wolbachia but for some of them, bacteria are absent in the hypodermis, or in variable density. (ii) Wolbachia are not detected in the pathological model Monanema martini and in 8, upon 9, species of Cercopithifilaria. (iii) Supergroup F Wolbachia is identified in two newly screened Mansonella species and in Cercopithifilaria japonica. (iv) Type F Wolbachia infect the intestinal cells and somatic female genital tract. (v) Among Oswaldofilariinae, Waltonellinae and Splendidofilariinae, from saurian, anuran and bird respectively, Wolbachia are not detected.The absence of Wolbachia in 63% of onchocercids, notably in the ancestral Oswaldofilariinae estimated 140 mya old, the diverse tissues or specimens distribution, and a recent lateral transfer in supergroup F Wolbachia, modify the current view on the role and evolution of the endosymbiont and their hosts. Further genomic analyses on some of the newly sampled species are welcomed to decipher the open questions

Regional distribution of volcanism within the North Atlantic Igneous Province

An overview of the distribution of volcanic facies units was compiled over the North Atlantic region. The new maps establish the pattern of volcanism associated with breakup and the initiation of seafloor spreading over the main part of the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP). The maps include new analysis of the Faroe–Shetlands region that allows for a consistent volcanic facies map to be constructed over the entire eastern margin of the North Atlantic for the first time. A key result is that the various conjugate margin segments show a number of asymmetric patterns that are interpreted to result in part from pre-existing crustal and lithospheric structures. The compilation further shows that while the lateral extent of volcanism extends equally far to the south of the Iceland hot spot as it does to the north, the volume of material emplaced to the south is nearly double of that to the north. This suggests that a possible southward deflection of the Iceland mantle plume is a long-lived phenomenon originating during or shortly after impact of the plume

Differences in stream responsiveness between a tropical montane cloud forest and a tropical lowland rainforest

Tropical Montane Cloud Forests (TMCF) have unique hydrology considering their high moisture, steep headwater terrain, shallow soils, frequent precipitation, and the presence of horizontal precipitation. While the hydrology of Tropical Lowland Rainforests (TLRF) has been given due attention, TMCF in Malaysia have been less explored. This study compares stream responsiveness and peak flow dynamics between TLRF (substation Inobong, 5.33 ha) and TMCF (substation Alab, 8.53 ha) in Crocker Range, Sabah, Malaysia. Streams in both study site were instrumented with water level sensors and dataloggers, and meteorological stations that records data at 10-minute intervals. Two hydrograph metrices namely Tres (time taken from start of precipitation to hydrograph initiation) and Tpeak (time taken from start of hydrograph response to peak discharge) were assessed via a combination of the Mann-Whitney test and ANCOVA. TMCF took a longer time to achieve peak water level (mean Tpeak=143 mins) compared to TLRF (mean Tpeak=118 mins). Average rainfall intensity (Pi) was negatively correlated with Tpeak. Tres was higher in TMCF (mean=141 mins) than in TLRF (mean=51 mins) and was not affected by P or Pi. Understanding such hydrological dynamics in TMCF is important for better headwater resource management and for flood prevention