Paradigms of postcoloniality in contemporary Italy

Questo saggio, che funge da introduzione al volume Postcolonial Italy: Challenging National Homogeneity, e' la prima teorizzazione sistematica della condizione postcoloniale italiana, uno dei fattori più significativi che dà forma alla cultura e alle esperienze di vita dell'Italia contemporanea. Questo saggio mette in relazione le grandi emigrazioni, il colonialismo italiano e le migrazioni transnazionali verso l'Italia del presente per ridefinire il concetto di cultura nazionale e per mostrare come questo concetto si sia formato anche a partire da eventi e fenomeni che si sono svolti al di fuori dei confini nazionali

Cancer risk assessment of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages from Brazil with special consideration to the spirits cachaca and tiquira

Background: Ethyl carbamate ( EC) is a multi-site carcinogen in experimental animals and probably carcinogenic to humans (IARC group 2A). Traces of EC below health-relevant ranges naturally occur in several fermented foods and beverages, while higher concentrations above 1 mg/l are regularly detected in only certain spirits derived from cyanogenic plants. In Brazil this concerns the sugarcane spirit cachaca and the manioc (cassava) spirit tiquira, which both regularly exceed the national EC limit of 0.15 mg/l. This study aims to estimate human exposure in Brazil and provide a quantitative risk assessment.Methods: The human dietary intake of EC via alcoholic beverages was estimated based on WHO alcohol consumption data in combination with own surveys and literature data. This data comprises the EC contents of the different beverage groups cachaca, tiquira, other spirits, beer, wine, and unrecorded alcohol (as defined by the WHO; including alcohol which is not captured in routine government statistics nor taxed). The risk assessment was conducted using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach with benchmark doses obtained from dose-response modelling of animal experiments. Lifetime cancer risk was calculated using the T25 dose descriptor.Results: Considering differences between pot-still and column-still cachaca, its average EC content would be 0.38 mg/l. Tiquira contained a considerably higher average EC content of 2.34 mg/l. The whole population exposure from all alcoholic beverages was calculated to be around 100 to 200 ng/kg bw/day, with cachaca and unrecorded alcohol as the major contributing factors. The MOE was calculated to range between 400 and 2,466, with the lifetime cancer risk at approximately 3 cases in 10,000. An even higher risk may exist for binge-drinkers of cachaca and tiquira with MOEs of up to 80 and 15, respectively.Conclusions: According to our risk assessment, EC poses a significant cancer risk for the alcohol-drinking population in Brazil, in addition to that of alcohol alone. Model calculations show that the implementation of the 0.15 mg/l limit for cachaca would be beneficial, including an increase of the MOE by a factor between 3 to 6. The implementation of policy measures for tiquira and unrecorded alcohol also appears to be advisable.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)São Paulo State Univ, Dept Neurol Psicol & Psiquiatria, Botucatu Med Sch UNESP, BR-18618970 São Paulo, BrazilChem & Vet Untersuchungsamt CVUA Karlsruhe, D-76187 Karlsruhe, GermanyUniv Fed Rural Pernambuco, Programa Posgrad Ciência & Tecnol Alimentos, BR-52171900 Recife, PE, BrazilCAMH, Toronto, on M5S 2S1, CanadaMaastricht Univ, Fac Hlth Med & Life Sci, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, NetherlandsUniv Toronto, Dalla Lana Sch Publ Hlth, Toronto, on M5T 3M7, CanadaTech Univ Dresden, Epidemiol Res Unit, Inst Clin Psychol & Psychotherapy, D-01187 Dresden, GermanySão Paulo State Univ, Dept Neurol Psicol & Psiquiatria, Botucatu Med Sch UNESP, BR-18618970 São Paulo, BrazilCNPq: 578384/2008-