An Experimental Field Study of Delayed Density Dependence in Natural Populations of Aedes albopictus

Aedes albopictus, a species known to transmit dengue and chikungunya viruses, is primarily a container-inhabiting mosquito. The potential for pathogen transmission by Ae. albopictus has increased our need to understand its ecology and population dynamics. Two parameters that we know little about are the impact of direct density-dependence and delayed density-dependence in the larval stage. The present study uses a manipulative experimental design, under field conditions, to understand the impact of delayed density dependence in a natural population of Ae. albopictus in Raleigh, North Carolina. Twenty liter buckets, divided in half prior to experimentation, placed in the field accumulated rainwater and detritus, providing oviposition and larval production sites for natural populations of Ae. albopictus. Two treatments, a larvae present and larvae absent treatment, were produced in each bucket. After five weeks all larvae were removed from both treatments and the buckets were covered with fine mesh cloth. Equal numbers of first instars were added to both treatments in every bucket. Pupae were collected daily and adults were frozen as they emerged. We found a significant impact of delayed density-dependence on larval survival, development time and adult body size in containers with high larval densities. Our results indicate that delayed density-dependence will have negative impacts on the mosquito population when larval densities are high enough to deplete accessible nutrients faster than the rate of natural food accumulation

Bioindicadores ambientais: insetos como um instrumento desta avaliação

Atividades agrícolas, florestais e do setor imobiliário vêm, ao longo do tempo, modificando ambientes ecologicamente estruturados. As consequências são drásticas e, por isso, faz-se necessária a busca por ferramentas e instrumentos para diagnosticar e monitorar a diversidade biológica desses locais. Os insetos têm-se destacado como potenciais organismos bioindicadores e isso se deve ao fato de apresentarem grande capacidade perceptiva, no que se refere a alterações do meio ambiente, principalmente por seu apurado sistema sensorial, que lhes permite qualificar condições ambientais em determinadas situações e, ainda, quantificar danos causados ao meio. Um dos problemas que podem ser associados a este setor é a falta de padronização e definição de protocolos de coleta e avaliação da biodiversidade, para que esses resultados possam ser analisados e extrapolados para diferentes ambientes antropizados. Neste trabalho, é contextualizada a importância da entomofauna como bioindicadora, em ecossistemas

Crystal structure of Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase

The DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus (Taq polymerase), famous for its use in the polymerase chain reaction, is homologous to Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (pol I). Like pol I, Taq polymerase has a domain at its amino terminus (residues 1-290) that has 5' nuclease activity and a domain at its carboxy terminus that catalyses the polymerase reaction. Unlike pol I, the intervening domain in Tag polymerase has lost the editing 3'-5' exonuclease activity. Although the structure of the Klenow fragment of pol I has proved more elusive. The structure of Taq polymerase determined here at 2.4 ? resolution shows that the structures of the polymerase domains of the thermostable enzyme and of the Klenow fragment are nearly identical, whereas the catalytically critical carboxylate residues that bind two metal ions are missing from the remnants of the 3'-5'-exonuclease active site of Taq polymerase. The first view of the 5' nuclease domain, responsible for excising the Okazaki RNA in lagging-strand DNA replication, shows a cluster of conserved divalent metal-ion-binding carboxylates at the bottom of a cleft. The location of this 5'-nuclease active site some 70 ? from the polymerase active site in this crystal form highlights the unanswered question of how this domain works in concert with the polymerase domain to produce a duplex DNA product that contains only a nick.ope