Does Presentation Format Influence Visual Size Discrimination in Tufted Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus spp.)?

Most experimental paradigms to study visual cognition in humans and non-human species are based on discrimination tasks involving the choice between two or more visual stimuli. To this end, different types of stimuli and procedures for stimuli presentation are used, which highlights the necessity to compare data obtained with different methods. The present study assessed whether, and to what extent, capuchin monkeys\u27 ability to solve a size discrimination problem is influenced by the type of procedure used to present the problem. Capuchins\u27 ability to generalise knowledge across different tasks was also evaluated. We trained eight adult tufted capuchin monkeys to select the larger of two stimuli of the same shape and different sizes by using pairs of food items (Experiment 1), computer images (Experiment 1) and objects (Experiment 2). Our results indicated that monkeys achieved the learning criterion faster with food stimuli compared to both images and objects. They also required consistently fewer trials with objects than with images. Moreover, female capuchins had higher levels of acquisition accuracy with food stimuli than with images. Finally, capuchins did not immediately transfer the solution of the problem acquired in one task condition to the other conditions. Overall, these findings suggest that - even in relatively simple visual discrimination problems where a single perceptual dimension (i.e., size) has to be judged - learning speed strongly depends on the mode of presentation

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Funding WHO

General and abdominal adiposity and hypertension in eight world regions: a pooled analysis of 837 population-based studies with 7•5 million participants

Background Adiposity can be measured using BMI (which is based on weight and height) as well as indices of abdominal adiposity. We examined the association between BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) within and across populations of different world regions and quantified how well these two metrics discriminate between people with and without hypertension. Methods We used data from studies carried out from 1990 to 2023 on BMI, WHtR and hypertension in people aged 20–64 years in representative samples of the general population in eight world regions. We graphically compared the regional distributions of BMI and WHtR, and calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients between BMI and WHtR within each region. We used mixed-effects linear regression to estimate the extent to which WHtR varies across regions at the same BMI. We graphically examined the prevalence of hypertension and the distribution of people who have hypertension both in relation to BMI and WHtR, and we assessed how closely BMI and WHtR discriminate between participants with and without hypertension using C-statistic and net reclassification improvement (NRI). Findings The correlation between BMI and WHtR ranged from 0·76 to 0·89 within different regions. After adjusting for age and BMI, mean WHtR was highest in south Asia for both sexes, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. Mean WHtR was lowest in central and eastern Europe for both sexes, in the high-income western region for women, and in Oceania for men. Conversely, to achieve an equivalent WHtR, the BMI of the population of south Asia would need to be, on average, 2·79 kg/m2 (95% CI 2·31–3·28) lower for women and 1·28 kg/m2 (1·02–1·54) lower for men than in the high-income western region. In every region, hypertension prevalence increased with both BMI and WHtR. Models with either of these two adiposity metrics had virtually identical C-statistics and NRIs for every region and sex, with C-statistics ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 and NRIs ranging from 0·34 to 0·57 in different region and sex combinations. When both BMI and WHtR were used, performance improved only slightly compared with using either adiposity measure alone. Interpretation BMI can distinguish young and middle-aged adults with higher versus lower amounts of abdominal adiposity with moderate-to-high accuracy, and both BMI and WHtR distinguish people with or without hypertension. However, at the same BMI level, people in south Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa, have higher WHtR than in the other regions. Funding UK Medical Research Council and UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK)

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union

General and abdominal adiposity and hypertension in eight world regions: a pooled analysis of 837 population-based studies with 7·5 million participants

Background Adiposity can be measured using BMI (which is based on weight and height) as well as indices of abdominal adiposity. We examined the association between BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) within and across populations of different world regions and quantified how well these two metrics discriminate between people with and without hypertension. Methods We used data from studies carried out from 1990 to 2023 on BMI, WHtR and hypertension in people aged 20–64 years in representative samples of the general population in eight world regions. We graphically compared the regional distributions of BMI and WHtR, and calculated Pearson’s correlation coefficients between BMI and WHtR within each region. We used mixed-effects linear regression to estimate the extent to which WHtR varies across regions at the same BMI. We graphically examined the prevalence of hypertension and the distribution of people who have hypertension both in relation to BMI and WHtR, and we assessed how closely BMI and WHtR discriminate between participants with and without hypertension using C-statistic and net reclassification improvement (NRI). Findings The correlation between BMI and WHtR ranged from 0·76 to 0·89 within different regions. After adjusting for age and BMI, mean WHtR was highest in south Asia for both sexes, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. Mean WHtR was lowest in central and eastern Europe for both sexes, in the high-income western region for women, and in Oceania for men. Conversely, to achieve an equivalent WHtR, the BMI of the population of south Asia would need to be, on average, 2·79 kg/m² (95% CI 2·31–3·28) lower for women and 1·28 kg/m² (1·02–1·54) lower for men than in the high-income western region. In every region, hypertension prevalence increased with both BMI and WHtR. Models with either of these two adiposity metrics had virtually identical C-statistics and NRIs for every region and sex, with C-statistics ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 and NRIs ranging from 0·34 to 0·57 in different region and sex combinations. When both BMI and WHtR were used, performance improved only slightly compared with using either adiposity measure alone. Interpretation BMI can distinguish young and middle-aged adults with higher versus lower amounts of abdominal adiposity with moderate-to-high accuracy, and both BMI and WHtR distinguish people with or without hypertension. However, at the same BMI level, people in south Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa, have higher WHtR than in the other regions

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity

O PAPEL DO FENÓTIPO LEWIS NA CLASSIFICAÇÃO DO STATUS SECRETOR EM DOADORES DE SANGUE

Introdução: Os glicoconjugados ABH-Lewis são regulados por enzimas codificadas pelos genes FUT1, FUT2, FUT3 e ABO , fundamentais para determinar a presença de antígenos eritrocitários e o status secretor. Indivíduos com alelos funcionais do gene FUT1 produzem a enzima FUTI, que converte o oligossacarídeo precursor em antígeno H tipo 2, essencial para a formação dos antígenos A e B nas hemácias. O gene FUT2 codifica a enzima FUT2, formando a substância H tipo 1, substrato para a conversão em substância A ou B pelo gene ABO nos fluidos corporais, essa interação determina o status secretor do indivíduo. A expressão dos antígenos Lewis depende da interação entre os genes FUT2 e FUT3 , resultando nos fenótipos eritrocitários do sistema Lewis: Le(a-b+), Le(a+b-) e Le(a-b-). Indivíduos com status secretor são classificados como Le(a-b+), enquanto não secretores são Le(a+b-). Portanto, é possível identificar o status secretor sem recorrer à genotipagem, exceto para Le(a-b-), que pode ser tanto secretor ou não secretor. Objetivo: O presente estudo investigou a frequência dos fenótipos Lewis e sua relação com o status secretor em doadores de sangue atendidos no Banco de Sangue do HSM, entre os anos de 2013 a 2023. Material e métodos: O fenótipo Lewis foi identificado utilizando o método de gel-centrifugação com o uso de antissoros específicos. Os resultados foram registrados, classificados e realizada a análise dos dados. Resultados: Foram analisados os resultados de 16.333 doadores de sangue. Dentre esses, 10.818 (66%) apresentaram o status de provável secretor e 2.276 (14%) exibiram o perfil de provável não secretor. Verificamos que o fenótipo Le(a-b-) foi observado em 3.080 (19%), enquanto o perfil Le(a+b+) estava presente em 159 (1%) dos indivíduos. Discussão: : A frequência dos fenótipos Lewis varia entre diferentes etnias. Populações de ascendência europeia tendem a ter alta frequência do fenótipo Le(a-b+) (≅75%), enquanto é menor em asiáticos (≅42%) e africanos (≅61%). O fenótipo Le(a+b-) é raro em europeus (≅2%), em contraste, entre os asiáticos chega a ≅16%. Já o fenótipo Le(a-b-) é mais frequente entre os africanos (≅19%), e menor em europeus (≅8%) e asiáticos (≅7%). O fenótipo Le(a+b+) é considerado raro globalmente, mas estudos demonstram que esse perfil é comum em povos polinésios (≅40%) e menor em chineses (≅5%). A população brasileira é conhecida por sua diversidade étnica, resultando em uma mistura cultural e genética. No Brasil, os trabalhos se concentram na correlação entre o status secretor e certas patologias. Por exemplo, indivíduos não secretores são mais suscetíveis a certas infecções, devido à falta de antígenos na superfície das células e nas secreções. Além disso, estudos demonstram que a expressão alterada de substancias ABH-Lewis foi encontrada em carcinomas, como no câncer gástrico. Conclusão: : Embora este estudo não tenha analisado a etnia dos doadores ou a genotipagem para FUT2 e FUT3 , os resultados descrevem como estão distribuídos os fenótipos do sistema Lewis e sua relação com o status secretor, demonstrando que a maioria dos doadores são secretores. Não correlacionamos os fenótipos Lewis com patologias, no entanto, os resultados destacam a relevância de considerar esses fenótipos e o status secretor não apenas na doação de sangue, mas também na compreensão das condições clínicas. Em suma, a inter-relação entre os genes FUT e ABO na determinação dos fenótipos sanguíneos e a expressão de antígenos Lewis destaca o potencial desses marcadores para melhorar a compreensão e a sua correlação com certas doenças. Trabalhos futuros são importantes para verificar a etnia dos doadores analisados, principalmente para o fenótipo Le(a+b+) que apresentou porcentagem 1% em nossa população de doadores e é considerado raro em outras populações

CONSEQUÊNCIAS NA INAPTIDÃO SOROLÓGICA POR SÍFILIS NOS DOADORES DE SANGUE DO HOSPITAL SANTA MARCELINA APÓS IMPLANTAÇÃO DO TESTE TREPONÊMICO

Introdução: A sífilis é causada pela bactéria Treponema pallidum (T.pallidum), exclusiva do ser humano sendo uma infecção que caso não seja tratada de forma precoce, evolui para fase crônica e pode haver sequelas à longo prazo. Sua transmissão ocorre de forma vertical (mãe para filho), por via sexual ou através de transfusões, devendo ser considerada de grande importância em saúde pública, pois trata-se de uma doença infectocontagiosa com fácil transmissão e impacto. Objetivos: : Avaliar de forma retrospectiva o impacto da mudança do método de detecção para Sífilis nos doadores de sangue do Hospital Santa Marcelina Itaquera, de não treponêmico (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory - VDRL) para trepônemico (Imunoensaio de micropartículas por quimioluminescência - CMIA), através do acompanhamento da curva de doadores com resultados alterados no período de jan/2023 a jul/24 e avaliar o impacto nas perdas de nossos hemocomponentes. Materiais e métodos: Em 2023, de janeiro a junho, a triagem sorológica para sífilis foi realizada por método de VDRL, e a partir de julho, realizamos a substituição para o TPHA. Os resultados foram registrados no sistema informatizado SBS e extraídos para a análise destes dados. Em nossos serviços, utilizamos o analisador Alinity e possuímos um limiar diferenciado para os nossos doadores, o cálculo é feito através RLU da amostra e RLU de corte (= RLU média do calibrador 1x 0,20) para cada amostra do controle. Para essas amostras é considerado os seguintes resultados: 0.900 não reativo, 0.9-2.0 inconclusivo e > 2.0 reativo. Resultados: : No primeiro semestre de 2023, obtivemos um porcentual de 0,29-0,75%, tendo uma média de 0,50 % de amostras reagentes para sífilis com o método VDRL. Após a mudança de método, obtivemos de 1,13% a 2,18% de amostras reagentes, portanto uma média de 1,64%, expressando um aumento de 1,16% na média semestral. Discussão: : Segundo o Boletim Epidemiológico Sífilis 2023, do Ministério da Saúde, houve um aumento de casos na população em São Paulo, sendo notificados na categoria de sífilis adquirida: 23.055 novos casos. O risco de transmissão da bactéria em transfusões é relativamente mínima por não sobreviver a baixas temperaturas, fazendo com que seu crescimento em hemocomponentes seja improvável, exceto em concentrados de plaquetas, que são armazenados em temperatura de 20 a 24°C. O método VDRL baseia-se na floculação dos antígenos cardiolipina-lipídeo-lecitina, sendo comumente utilizado na triagem, o mesmo possui menor especificidade, que difere do método de imunoensaio de micropartículas por quimioluminescência – CMIA, que atua na hemaglutinação antígeno-específico, possuindo melhor especificidade e assertividade em seus resultados quando positivos. Conclusão: Podemos observar que o método TPHA apresenta maior sensibilidade para detecção da bactéria, havendo um aumento significativo, e consequentemente descartes em nossos hemocomponentes, porém, nossos pacientes não foram impactados de forma negativa, em relação a fornecimento de hemocomponentes, reforçando apenas a segurança transfusional de nossos serviços. Mesmo com um aumento expressivo no momento da implantação, observa-se uma acomodação na média de porcentagem atual, permanecendo dentro do esperado. Através dos resultados acima, podemos conhecer o público que comparece no Banco de Sangue do Hospital Santa Marcelina em relação ao perfil sorológico para Sífilis possibilitando uma abordagem mais assertiva na orientação aos doadores de sangue e prevenção da transmissão por transfusão de sangue e outras vias