Economic valuation of the water ecosystem services of human consumption in Cop?n Ruinas municipality, Honduras

Tesis (M. Sc) -- CATIE, Turrilaba (Costa Rica),2006El objetivo de esta investigaci?n fue determinar y valorar econ?micamente la oferta actual del SEH para consumo humano en el municipio de Cop?n Ruinas, con el prop?sito que sirva de insumo en una futura implementaci?n de un esquema de PSEH. Por tanto, la implementaci?n de este esquema es necesaria para fortalecer la ordenanza municipal que protege los bosques en ese territorio. Se sugiere definici?n de restricciones a las compensaciones para disminuir los costos totales de intervenci?n y b?squeda de fuentes de financiamiento externo para ampliar el fondo ambiental h?drico. El main objective of this research is to determine and economic value of environmental water supply for human consumption in the Cop?n Ruinas Municipality to be used as an intake to stake holders. For all this, the implementation of this scheme is needed to enforce the weak law that protects the forest. It was suggested defining restrictions in order to diminish the total costs of intervention and searching external financing sources to expand the water environmental fund

Strong Carbon Features and a Red Early Color in the Underluminous Type Ia SN 2022xkq

We present optical, infrared, ultraviolet, and radio observations of SN 2022xkq, an underluminous fast-declining Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) in NGC 1784 (D ≈ 31 Mpc), from <1 to 180 days after explosion. The high-cadence observations of SN 2022xkq, a photometrically transitional and spectroscopically 91bg-like SN Ia, cover the first days and weeks following explosion, which are critical to distinguishing between explosion scenarios. The early light curve of SN 2022xkq has a red early color and exhibits a flux excess that is more prominent in redder bands; this is the first time such a feature has been seen in a transitional/91bg-like SN Ia. We also present 92 optical and 19 near-infrared (NIR) spectra, beginning 0.4 days after explosion in the optical and 2.6 days after explosion in the NIR. SN 2022xkq exhibits a long-lived C i 1.0693 μm feature that persists until 5 days post-maximum. We also detect C ii λ6580 in the pre-maximum optical spectra. These lines are evidence for unburnt carbon that is difficult to reconcile with the double detonation of a sub-Chandrasekhar mass white dwarf. No existing explosion model can fully explain the photometric and spectroscopic data set of SN 2022xkq, but the considerable breadth of the observations is ideal for furthering our understanding of the processes that produce faint SNe Ia. © 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]