Interspecific interaction between Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs

This work aimes to evaluate the interspecific interaction between Trichogramma pretiosum and Telenomus remus, two biological control agents of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) eggs. Eggs of Spodoptera frugiperda previously parasitized by Telenomus remus were offered to Trichogramma pretiosum, and those parasitized by Trichogramma pretiosum were offered to Telenomus remus. The previously parasitized eggs were tested at different embryonic development stages for each parasitoid. In addition, to evaluate the competition between species, Spodoptera frugiperda eggs were offered to the parasitoids simultaneously. The behavior of the insects was recorded under a stereomicroscope. When Spodoptera frugiperda eggs were previously exposed to either parasitoid, there was no emergence of the other parasitoid. When the Telenomus remus and Trichogramma pretiosum females were placed together with Spodoptera frugiperda eggs, Telenomus remus had a greater parasitism rate. Except searching time, all Trichogramma pretiosum behaviors took a longer time than Telenomus remus behaviors. Thus, despite belonging to different families, each of these parasitoids is able to recognize host eggs previously parasitized by the other. So, this suggests that the recognition mechanism involved is not exclusively specific.Este trabalho objetiva avaliar a interação interesespecífica entre Trichogramma pretiosum e Telenomus remus, dois agentes de controle biológico de ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda. Posturas de Spodoptera frugiperda previamente parasitadas por Telenomus remus foram ofertadas a Trichogramma pretiosum e aquelas parasitadas por Trichogramma pretiosum foram ofertadas a Telenomus remus. As posturas previamente parasitadas foram testadas em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento embrionário para cada parasitoide. Ainda para verificar a competição entre as espécies, posturas de Spodoptera frugiperda foram ofertadas aos parasitoides simultaneamente. O comportamento dos insetos foi observado sob microscópio estereoscópico. Quando as posturas de Spodoptera frugiperda foram previamente expostas a qualquer um dos dois parasitoides, não houve emergência do outro parasitoide. Quando as fêmeas de Telenomus remus e de Trichogramma pretiosum foram colocadas juntas com as posturas de Spodoptera frugiperda, Telenomus remus apresentou maior taxa de parasitismo. Com exceção do tempo de busca, todos os comportamentos de Trichogramma pretiosum foram mais demorados do que os de Telenomus remus. Portanto, apesar de pertencerem a famílias diferentes, cada um desses parasitoides pode reconhecer ovos de hospedeiro previamente parasitados pela outra espécie. Este fato sugere que o mecanismo de reconhecimento envolvido não é exclusivamente específico

Kisspeptin and seasonality of reproduction

Wild and domesticated species display seasonality in reproductive function, controlled predominantly by photoperiod. Seasonal alterations in breeding status are caused by changes in the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) that are mediated by upstream neuronal afferents that regulate the GnRH cells. In particular, kisspeptin appears to play a major role in seasonality of reproduction, transducing the feedback effect of gonadal steroids as well as having an independent (nonsteroid dependent) circannual rhythm. A substantial body of data on this issue has been obtained from studies in sheep and hamsters and this is reviewed here in detail. Kisspeptin function is upregulated during the breeding season in sheep, stimulating reproductive function, but contradictory data are found in Siberian and Syrian hamsters. The relative quiescence of kisspeptin cells in the nonbreeding season can be counteracted by administration of the peptide, leading to activation of reproductive function. Although there is a major role for melatonin in the transduction of photoperiod to the reproductive system, kisspeptin cells do not appear to express the melatonin receptor, so the means by which seasonality changes the level of kisspeptin activity remains unknown

Diet of fishes in Passa Cinco stream, Corumbataí River sub-basin, São Paulo state, Brazil

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever e classificar a preferência alimentar das espécies de peixes do rio Passa Cinco. O grau de preferência alimentar foi aplicado aos estômagos considerados repletos. Este método consiste em atribuir valores aos itens alimentares de uma dada espécie de acordo com a participação relativa de cada item no estômago analisado. Foram analisados 576 estômagos repletos de 28 espécies. Insetos de origem autóctone foram os principais constituintes das dietas dessas espécies, sendo a maioria dos itens ingeridos classificada como ocasional. Itens alóctones como fragmentos vegetais, sementes e minhocas estiveram associados ao ponto de maior ordem. Dentre os possíveis pares de combinações de espécies, 29,4% apresentaram alta sobreposição alimentar, que ocorreu principalmente devido ao consumo de formas imaturas de insetos, no entanto, foram detectadas diferenças significativas na exploração dos recursos por essas espécies. A onivoria foi frequente, mostrando a plasticidade trófica necessária às espécies que habitam ambientes como os encontrados nos riachos.The aim of this study was to describe and classify the food preference of fish species in Passa Cinco stream. The grade of feeding preference was applied to stomachs considered replete. This method consists of attributing values to food items found in certain species, according to the participation of each item in the analysed stomach. We analysed 576 full stomachs of 28 species. The autochthonous insects were the main constituents of the diets of these species, and the majority of ingested items classified as occasional. Allochthonous items such as plant debris, seeds and earthworms were associated with higher-order site. of the total possible combination pairs of species, 29.4% showed high overlap, wich occurred mainly within species that consumed aquatic insect larvae. However, those species showed significant differences in the exploitation of food resources. Omnivory was common, showing the plasticity of the required species that inhabit environments as found in streams.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA)Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES) Centro de Ciências Agrárias Departamento de Produção VegetalUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Instituto de Biociências Departamento de ZoologiaUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Instituto de Biociências Departamento de ZoologiaFAPESP: 04/12669-3IBAMA: 02027.000234/2005-0