Recognising Victimhood: Lessons from the International Criminal Court and Mass Claim Programmes for the Compensation Procedure Parallel to the Trial of International Crimes in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands, the Dutch criminal court in The Hague (hereinafter: ‘Netherlands International Crimes Court’ or ‘NIC court’) is assigned to try international crimes, and to provide compensation to victims of such crimes. Whereas it has specific criminal laws at its disposal to try international crimes, it applies ‘regular’ Dutch civil law to assess claims for compensation. Yet compensation for international crimes entails challenges that are quite different from domestic crimes: international crimes are normally committed against a large number of victims, and frequently result in bodily harm. This article argues that the NIC court will most likely rule a large number of claims for compensation inadmissible, as a consequence of which victims cannot benefit from the advantages inherent in the award of compensation within the criminal process. It then explores the adjudicative and reparatory standards that the International Criminal Court and mass claim programmes have applied to simplify both the adjudication of a large number of claims, and the calculation of a large number of instances of bodily damage. It is submitted that adoption by the NIC court of international reparatory standards could facilitate the assessment of a large number of civil claims within the criminal process, without prejudice to the legitimate interests of the defendant for an adequate procedure. However, these standards require the NIC court to strike a new balance between tailor-made compensation and symbolic compensation, and thereby between corrective justice and restorative justice

Associação entre genótipos de feijoeiro, silício e nim no controle da mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

In bean plants, Bemisia tabaci biotype B causes great losses, especially through the transmission of golden mosaic virus. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the association of common bean genotypes with doses of neem oil and silicon on the development and oviposition of whitefly. Experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, in the Plant Protection Department of FCAV/UNESP, where two oviposition tests were performed, free and no-choice, in addition to the antibiosis test. According to the data obtained, we concluded, in the first oviposition experiment, that silicon at 1% reduced the oviposition in free-choice test and neem at 1% reduced oviposition in both tests. Neem oil provided high mortality of nymphs. In the second oviposition experiment, the lowest number of eggs was found for the dose of neem at 0.75% in free-choice test and for neem at 1% in no-choice test.A mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci biótipo B causa grandes prejuízos ao feijoeiro, principalmente pela transmissão do vírus do mosaico dourado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da associação de genótipos de feijão comum, com doses de óleo de nim e silício, no desenvolvimento e oviposição da mosca-branca. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, do Departamento de Fitossanidade da FCAV/UNESP, realizando-se dois experimentos para oviposição, ambos com e sem chance de escolha, e o teste de antibiose. De acordo com os dados obtidos, pode-se concluir que no primeiro experimento de oviposição, o silício 1% reduziu a oviposição da mosca-branca, em teste com chance de escolha, e o nim 1% reduziu a oviposição em ambos os testes. O óleo de nim proporcionou alta mortalidade de ninfas. No segundo experimento de oviposição, o menor número de ovos foi na dose de nim 0,75%, para o teste com chance de escolha, e a dose de nim 1% foi melhor para o teste sem chance.Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho