A proteção de dados pessoais no âmbito da persecução penal: o tratamento das informações pessoais dos jurados no júri popular

This article analyzes the processing of personal data in the context of criminal prosecution, in particular, those referring to information from jurors acting in a Jury Court. Initially, the scenario of the use of these data by the State in the criminal law was contextualized and which are the supports (or not) for the legitimation and execution of these practices that become increasingly commonplace due to the globalized and technological society. To this end, the current and upcoming regulations on the matter were permeated, namely: the constitutional guarantees conferred on the protection of private life and personal data, the Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (LGPD), the Budapest Convention, the bill called LGPD Penal and courts jurisprudence. Finally, such normative premises were subsumed in the practical field of the Jury Court branch, using the Boate Kiss case study, in which illegal and unbridled use of jurors' data was found to benefit the prosecution during the process. The urgent and necessary regulation of the processing of personal data in criminal prosecution is concluded as a guarantee of the fundamental rights of the citizen and, also, enables a swift and effective criminal prosecution by the State in this matter.Pesquisa sem auxílio de agências de fomentoTrabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação)No presente artigo analisa-se o tratamento dos dados pessoais no âmbito da persecução penal, em específico, aqueles referentes às informações dos jurados atuantes em um Tribunal do Júri. Inicialmente, contextualizou-se o cenário do uso destes dados pelo Estado na questão criminal e quais os respaldos (ou não) para a legitimação e execução dessas práticas que se tornam cada vez mais corriqueiras em razão da sociedade globalizada e tecnológica. Para tanto, foi perpassada a normatização vigente e vindoura na matéria, quais sejam: as garantias constitucionais conferidas à proteção da vida privada e aos dados pessoais, a Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (LGPD), a Convenção de Budapeste, o Projeto de Lei denominado LGPD Penal e entendimentos das cortes. Por fim, foi subsumido tais premissas normativas no campo prático do ramo do Tribunal do Júri, utilizando-se do estudo de caso da Boate Kiss, no qual constatou-se ilícitas e desenfreadas utilizações dos dados dos jurados para beneficiar a acusação durante o processo. Conclui-se a urgente e necessária regulação do tratamento de dados pessoais na persecução penal como garantidora dos direitos fundamentais do cidadão e, também, possibilita uma célere e efetiva persecução penal pelo Estado nesta matéria

Pseudo-single crystal electrochemistry on polycrystalline electrodes : visualizing activity at grains and grain boundaries on platinum for the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox reaction

The influence of electrode surface structure on electrochemical reaction rates and mechanisms is a major theme in electrochemical research, especially as electrodes with inherent structural heterogeneities are used ubiquitously. Yet, probing local electrochemistry and surface structure at complex surfaces is challenging. In this paper, high spatial resolution scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) complemented with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is demonstrated as a means of performing ‘pseudo-single-crystal’ electrochemical measurements at individual grains of a polycrystalline platinum electrode, while also allowing grain boundaries to be probed. Using the Fe2+/3+ couple as an illustrative case, a strong correlation is found between local surface structure and electrochemical activity. Variations in electrochemical activity for individual high index grains, visualized in a weakly adsorbing perchlorate medium, show that there is higher activity on grains with a significant (101) orientation contribution, compared to those with (001) and (111) contribution, consistent with findings on single-crystal electrodes. Interestingly, for Fe2+ oxidation in a sulfate medium a different pattern of activity emerges. Here, SECCM reveals only minor variations in activity between individual grains, again consistent with single-crystal studies, with a greatly enhanced activity at grain boundaries. This suggests that these sites may contribute significantly to the overall electrochemical behavior measured on the macroscale

Sputtered Cathodes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells: Insights into Potentials, Challenges and Limitations

The level of Pt loadings in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) is still one of the main hindrances for implementation of PEFCs into the market. Therefore, new catalyst and electrode preparation methods such as sputtering are of current interest, because they allow thin film production and have many cost saving advantages for electrode preparation. This paper summarises some of the most important studies done for sputtered PEFCs, including non carbon supported electrodes. Furthermore, it will be shown that an understanding of the main morphological differences between sputtered and ink-based electrodes is crucial for a better understanding of the resulting fuel cell performance. Especially, the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) plays a key role for a further increase in PEFC performance of sputtered electrodes. The higher surface specific activities ik,spec of sputtered compared to ink-based electrodes will be discussed as advantage of the thin film formation. The so- called particle size effect, known in literature for several years, will be discussed as reason for the higher ik,spec of sputtered electrodes. Therefore, a model system on a rotating disc electrode (RDE) was studied. For sputtered PEFC cathodes Pt loadings were lowered to 100 ?gPt/cm2, yet with severe performance losses compared to ink-based electrodes. Still, for Pt sputtered electrodes on a carbon support structure remarkably high current densities of 0.46 A/cm2 at 0.6 V could be achieved

Elucidation of the surface structure–selectivity relationship in ethanol electro-oxidation over platinum by density functional theory

This article was published by the Royal Society of Chemistry as an Open Access article. It is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.We have successfully built a general framework to comprehend the structure-selectivity relationship in ethanol electrooxidation on platinum by density functional theory calculations. Based on the reaction mechanisms on three basal planes and five stepped surfaces, it was found that only (110) and n(111) × (110) sites can enhance CO2 selectivity but other non-selective step sites are more beneficial to activity

Improved electrocatalytic stability in ethanol oxidation by microwave-assisted selective deposition of SnO2 and Pt onto carbon

Pt/SnO2/C nanostructures with SnO2/Pt molar ratios ranging from 2.5 to 0.6 were synthesized by simple and fast microwave-assisted routes. The materials are composed of 3-5 nm SnO2 and Pt nanoparticles dispersed on the carbon support, with the morphology of the coating depending on the SnO2/Pt ratio: a homogenous layer of nanoparticles coating the carbon surface is obtained for SnO2/Pt of 2.5, whereas small Pt-SnO2 clusters are formed for lower ratios. The electrocatalytic activity of the composites on the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) was studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. All the binary catalysts exhibited lower onset potentials for the EOR and slower decay of the current density with time than a commercial Pt/C catalyst. However, improved peak current densities were only observed for the composites with ratios 1.6, 1.0 and 0.6, indicating that the formation of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles clusters is favorable for the EOR. This morphology facilitates the hydroxyl groups transfer from the metal oxide to the platinum at low potentials and also the electron transfer between carbon and platinum. The best overall performance was found for the catalyst with SnO2/Pt = 1, on which the number of three-phase boundaries is maximized. Moreover, the catalyst with SnO2/Pt = 1 continued to exhibit significantly better catalytic performance on the EOR than the commercial catalyst after potential cycling

Improved bi-functional oxygen electrocatalytic performance of PteIr alloy nanoparticles embedded on MWCNT with Pt-enriched surfaces

Multi-walled carbon nanotube supported PteIr nanoparticles (PteIr/MWCNT) with different elemental ratios were synthesized by one-pot co-reduction approach under ambient conditions. The PteIr catalysts exhibit improved bi-functional activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and its electrocatalytic performance was clearly established using different physiochemical characterization techniques. The PteIr composition of 2:1 has a higher electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of about 85.3 m2 /g compared to other compositions (3:1 and 1:1) and Pt/MWCNT due to the effect of particle size distribution. The improved ORR/OER activity was found to be 139.4 and 740 mA/mg, respectively, for PteIr(2:1)/MWCNT with the potential difference of 760 mV for oxygen bi-functional activity. Furthermore, PteIr(2:1)/MWCNT showed much better stability for ORR compared to other compositions and Pt/MWNCT catalysts, i.e., around 76% of its initial ECSA retained with <20 mV shift in half-wave potential was obtained even after 10,000 potential cycles in acidic medium. It is believed that the Pt enriched surface, amount of Ir content, induced electronic and geometric effects play a vital role on the electrocatalytic activity enhancement of PteIr(2:1)/MWNCT as effective bi-functional oxygen electrode

A PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS FOR THE DAFALIAS-KALIAKIN BOUNDING SURFACE VISCOPLASTIC MODEL-BASED ON THE DIFLUPRESS LD TEST

In order to predict delayed settlements of heavy structures, the authors decided to use the elasto-viscoplastic model of Dafalias-Kaliakin. To identify the parameters of the constitutive equations, they use above all the data of a new in-situ test, the Diflupress L.D. designed to approach the creep behavior of soil. In a first section, the principle of the model is presented. Then, the important parameters of the model are identified, mostly from in-situ test data since the laboratory tests data are not numerous and reliable. Finally, a study of sensitivity on the parameters which influence the viscoplastic response of the model is made

L'anàlisi de la marca com a ferramenta de protecció de les empreses: el cas de Apple

[ES] Al crear una empresa, los empresarios crean una identidad real, un concepto, un eslogan, un logotipo, una marca. Estos elementos sirven para diferenciar a la empresa de sus posibles competidores y debe hacerse de manera que los clientes puedan identificar y referirse fácilmente a esta marca. En otras palabras, crean los componentes de su propiedad intelectual e industrial. El uso de estas herramientas proporciona a la empresa propietaria una protección esencial desde el punto de vista comercial: ningún competidor puede utilizar la marca de forma idéntica o imitarla de algún modo para identificar productos o servicios idénticos o similares. Sin embargo, en un mundo cada vez más competitivo, en el que las ganancias y la visibilidad se están convirtiendo en el centro de los negocios, es habitual que las empresas, a menudo las más conocidas, se enfrenten a disputas con individuos o organizaciones que intentan aprovecharse de la reputación de una marca establecida para servir a sus propios intereses profesionales y personales. Es decir, utilizan la propiedad intelectual e industrial de otros. La falsificación y el uso de marcas se han disparado en los últimos años. La falsificación es una triple amenaza para la salud pública, la seguridad de los consumidores y la economía nacional. Es el fenómeno que queremos estudiar a través de este trabajo. Como se ha mencionado anteriormente, las empresas disponen de herramientas para protegerse de las falsificaciones, por lo que veremos ¿Cómo puede una empresa tecnológica protegerse y aprovechar las herramientas de protección industrial, en particular la marca? Al principio del trabajo, se parte de la base de que las herramientas de protección industrial, y en particular la marca, permiten a las empresas el monopolio de la explotación de diversos elementos, emprender acciones legales, reclamar indemnización y evitar que su imagen de marca se vea empañada por el uso de productos que no se ajustan a la suya. El trabajo se articula en torno a un caso concreto de la mundialmente conocida empresa Apple, que por su reputación ha sido partícipe de varios procedimientos y demandas judiciales desde que comenzó a operar y, al igual que sus competidores y compañeros, se involucra en litigios en el curso de su negocio por una variedad de razones. Un estudio de caso permitirá recopilar datos o estudiar un aspecto específico del tema de estudio, la protección industrial.[EN] When creating a company, entrepreneurs create a real identity, a concept, a slogan, a logo, a brand. These elements serve to differentiate the company from its potential competitors and must be done in such a way that customers can easily identify and refer to this brand. In other words, they create the components of your intellectual and industrial property. The use of these tools provides the owning company with essential protection from a commercial point of view: no competitor can use the trademark identically or imitate it in any way to identify identical or similar products or services. However, in an increasingly competitive world, where profit and visibility are becoming the focus of business, it is not uncommon for companies, often the best-known ones, to face disputes with individuals or organizations that try to take advantage of the reputation of an established trademark to serve their own professional and personal interests. In other words, they use the intellectual and industrial property of others. Counterfeiting and trademark use have skyrocketed in recent years. Counterfeiting is a triple threat to public health, consumer safety and the national economy. It is the phenomenon we want to study through this paper. As mentioned above, companies have tools to protect themselves from counterfeiting, so we will see how can a technology company protect itself and take advantage of industrial protection tools, in particular the trademark? At the beginning of the paper, it is assumed that industrial protection tools, and in particular the trademark, allow companies to monopolize the exploitation of various elements, take legal action, claim compensation, and prevent their brand image from being tarnished using products that do not conform to theirs. The work will be articulated around a specific case of the world-renowned company Apple, which, because of its reputation, has been involved in several legal proceedings and lawsuits since it began operations and, like its competitors and peers, engages in litigation during its business for a variety of reasons. A case study will allow to collect data or to study a specific aspect of the subject of study, industrial protection.Rabis, S. (2022). El análisis de la marca como herramienta de protección de las empresas: el caso de Apple. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/18800