Questões sobre a relação família e cuidado em saúde: indicativos a partir da Unidade de Internação Pediátrica do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (HU/UFSC)

TCC (Graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Socioeconômico, Curso de serviço social.Esse trabalho teve como objetivo problematizar a relação estabelecida entre família e cuidados em saúde, a partir da observação dos acompanhantes dos pacientes internados na Unidade de Internação Pediátrica (UIP) do Hospital Universitário (HU) da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). Tem por intuito avaliar, por meio da análise bibliográfica, as concepções de família e como ela está posta na Política de Saúde. Diante disso, considerar as questões adjacentes surgidas naturalmente com a discussão. Como as questões do cuidado e da corresponsabilização do Estado; dos papéis de homens e mulheres dentro da família; e dos diversos arranjos familiares da nossa sociedade. Posterior à análise conceitual, e à luz das contribuições dos diversos autores encontrados, foi realizada uma análise relacionando a observação das famílias e dos acompanhantes

Avaliação da exposição crônica do Hg e DDTs em Cichla monoculus (Cichilidae) e riscos para exposição humana na Amazônia

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Ciro Alberto de Oliveira RibeiroCo-orientador : Prof. Dr. Wanderley Rodrigues BastosTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Defesa: Curitiba, 17/11/2010Inclui referênciasResumo: Com objetivo de investigar o risco em potencial da exposicao de populacoes de peixes e humana ao mercurio e aos DDTs no Reservatorio de Samuel, nao afetado diretamente por atividades de mineracao de ouro, foi analizada a concentracao destes xenobioticos no musculo axial de Cichla monoculus em dois periodos do ano em dois pontos (ponto 1, 08 ‹44 f59 hS e 63 ‹26 f05 hW e ponto 2 08 ‹51 f47 hS e 63 ‹17 f35 hW). Vinte e nove individuos adultos foram coletados em fevereiro/2007 (estacao chuvosa) e trinta em agosto/2007 (estacao seca). Os especimes foram sacrificados por seccao espinal, sexados e obtido o peso corporal e o comprimento total. As amostras para quantificacao de mercurio total, DDT e DDE e para analise da atividade da colinesterase no musculo axial e cerebro foram congeladas a -20 oC. Para os estudos histopatologicos as branquias e o figado foram fixados em Alfac por 16 h para microscopia de luz e branquias em glutaraldeido 3% em tampao cacodilato 0.1M por 2 horas para microcospia eletronica de transmissao (MEV). Valores de 48,2% e 33% dos individuos, respectivamente, das estacoes seca e chuvosa, apresentaram concentracoes de mercurio superior ao maximo estabelecido como seguro para consumo humano (0,5 ƒÊg g-1) pela Organizacao Mundial de Saude. Uma correlacao positiva entre o peso corporal e a concentracao de Hg foi observada somente em individuos provenientes da estacao chuvosa, mas nenhuma correlacao foi observada para o DDT e DDE de ambas as estacoes. Diferentemente do observado para o mercurio, os niveis de DDTs apresentaram uma diferenca significativa entre ambos os periodos estudados, mas nenhuma correlacao foi observada entre o mercurio, DDTs e sexo. Os niveis de DDTs no musculo de C. monoculus estao dentro do limite maximo estabelecido pela FAO-Alimentarius CODEX Swedish Food Regulation, para consumo humano. Os achados histopatologicos e neurotoxicos mostraram que esta populacao de peixes esta afetada pela exposicao cronica ao mercurio, significando risco tambem para as populacoes que se alimentam de peixes. Finalmente, os resultados mostraram que C. monoculus e um importante veiculo para a exposicao humana ao mercurio e DDTs no Reservatorio de Samuel e que e necessario um biomonitoramento continuo dos niveis de ambos os poluentes, a fim de gerenciar informacoes sobre o risco de exposicao a populacoes de peixes e humanasAbstract: In order to investigate the potential risk of mercury and DDTs exposure to fish-eating human populations in Samuel Reservoir, not affected directly by gold-mining activities, the axial muscle of Cichla monoculus was analyzed (08 ‹44 f59 hS e 63 ‹26 f05 hW) and (08 ‹51 f47 hS e 63 ‹17 f35 hW). Twenty-nine and thirty adults individuals were collected respectively on February (rainy season) and August (dry season) 2007. The specimens were sacrificed by spinal section before sex identification, body weight and total length determination. For total mercury, DDT and DDE quantifications and cholinesterase activity samples of the axial muscle were frozen at -20oC, and for histopathological studies gill and liver were fixed in ALFAC solution for 16 h for opitical studies and gill fixed in glutaraldeide 3% and buffer cacodilate solution 0,1M for two h for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A value of 48.2% and 33% of the individuals, respectively from rainy and dry seasons, presented mercury concentrations higher than the maximum established for safe human consumption (0.5 ƒÊg g-1) by World Health Organization. A positive correlation between body weight and Hg concentration was observed only in individuals from the rainy season, but no correlation was observed to DDT and DDE from both seasons. Differently from that observed to mercury, DDTs levels presented a significant difference between both studied seasons, but no correlation was observed for both mercury and DDTs and sex. The levels of DDTs in muscle of C. monoculus are under the maximum established by FAO Alimentarius CODEX and Swedish Food Regulation for human consumption. The histopathological and neurotoxic findings showed that the wild population of fish is affected by chronic exposure to mercury, meaning risk also to fish-eating populations. Finally, the results showed that C. monoculus is an important vehicle for human exposure to mercury and DDTs in Samuel Reservoir and that it is necessary a continuous biomonitoring of the levels of both pollutants in order to manage the risk of exposure to human populations

Research into Mercury Exposure and Health Education in Subsistence Fish-Eating Communities of the Amazon Basin: Potential Effects on Public Health Policy

The neurotoxic effects of fish-methylmercury (meHg) consumed regularly are considered hazardous to fetuses and newborn infants; as a result fish consumption advisories are an important asset to control meHg exposure in affluent societies. These concerns are now part of health promotion programs for Amazon subsistence villagers. While urban dwellers in affluent societies can choose an alternative nutritious diet, traditional and subsistence communities are caught up in controversial issues and lifestyle changes with unintended health consequences. Traditional fish-eating populations of industrialized and non-industrialized regions may be exposed to different neurotoxic substances: man-made pollutants and environmentally occurring meHg. Additionally, in non-industrialized countries, pregnant women and infants are still being immunized with thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs) which degrade to ethylmercury (etHg). Therefore, the complexity involving fish-meHg associated with wild-fish choices and Hg exposure derived from TCVs is difficult to disentangle and evaluate: are villagers able to distinguish exposure to differently hazardous chemical forms of Hg (inorganic, fish-meHg, and injected etHg)? Is it possible that instead of helping to prevent a plausible (unperceived) fish-meHg associated neurocognitive delay we may inadvertently arouse panic surrounding Hg exposure and disrupt subsistence fish-eating habits (necessary for survival) and life-saving vaccination programs (required by public health authorities)? These questions characterize the incompleteness of information related on the various chemical forms of Hg exposure and the need to convey messages that do not disrupt nutritional balance and disease prevention policies directed at Amazonian subsistence communities

Effects of heavy metal pollution on pigmented macrophages in kidney of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis Karaman)

Freshwater pollution with heavy metals may influence the immune system of fish, leading to impairment of their health or even to increase of their mortality. The fish kidney is one of the first fish organs to be affected by water contamination. Amounts of kidney macrophages (MACs), which are involved in fish immune response, as well as the qualitative and quantitative changes in the pigmented MACs in fish kidney, are used as biomarkers of pollution. Therefore, in this study we have evaluated relative and total volumes of trunk kidney pigmented MACs, and analyzed the pigments accumulated within them, in Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis Karaman) sampled from two mining impacted rivers, Kriva and Zletovska, highly contaminated with heavy metals, and from one reference river, Bregalnica, in spring and autumn of 2012. We have observed that main pigments found in kidney MACs of Vardar chub were melanin and lipofuscin/ceroid, as well as that relative volumes of MACs ranged from 0.56-1.68%. Moreover, the results showed that relative volumes of pigmented MACs were higher in metal contaminated rivers, especially in autumn season in the Zletovska River, concurrently with extremely high metal exposure. In addition, condition factors and kidney somatic indices were found significantly lower in the Zletovska River in both seasons, autumn and spring, possibly also as a consequence of high water pollution. Our data confirm that increase in relative volumes of pigmented MACs may serve as warning sign of potential heavy metal pollution in aquatic environment