530 research outputs found
Property Taxes Reforms in the Czech Republic
Celem artykułu jest wskazanie i analiza zmian regulacji prawnych dotyczących
opodatkowania mienia, które odnoszą się do nowych możliwości samorządów miejskich
w kwestii wywierania wpływu na opodatkowanie mienia, nowych wyjątków
od opodatkowania dziedziczenia i opodatkowania darowizn dla członków rodzin
oraz tendencji do zniesienia tych podatków w zupełności, redukcji opodatkowania
nowych pojazdów silnikowych etc. Na podstawie tych zmian widać wyraźnie, że
opodatkowywanie mienia powoli traci efekty i funkcje fi skalne nie tylko w Republice
Czeskiej, a coraz większego znaczenia nabiera funkcja regulacyjna.The Masaryk University (The Czech Republic
Real estate in tax law
Niniejszy rozdział przedstawia aspekty podatkowe władania nieruchomościami.
Najważniejszymi podatkami w tym zakresie są podatki od własności, w szczególności
podatek od nieruchomości, który jest związany zarówno z gruntami jak
i infrastrukturą (budynkami), w tym mieszkaniami i lokalami niemieszkalnymi.
Władanie nieruchomością może również być przedmiotem opodatkowania podatkiem
od spadków, od darowizn oraz podatkiem od przeniesienia własności nieruchomości.
Autorzy omawiają konstrukcje wymienionych wyżej podatków. Wskazują również
na podatki dochodowe oraz podatek od wartości dodanej jako daniny obciążające
powstały (w związku z dysponowaniem nieruchomością) przychód, dochód lub
obrót. Osobne miejsce poświęcono tematyce opłat związanych z nieruchomościami,
w szczególności – opłatą związaną z przyłączeniem nieruchomości do gminnej sieci
wodociągowo–kanalizacyjnej.Michal Radvan - Masaryk UniversityIvana Pařízková - Masaryk UniversityDana Šramková - Masaryk Universit
Optimization source structure of electric vehicle using calculation of energy consumption in Matlab GUI
The capacity of the primary energy source is the main parameter participating in a range of the electric vehicle (EV). The final choice of an appropriate structure of sources integrated into the vehicle can consist of one or a variety of energy sources/storages. This way increased effectiveness, thus an increase in driving range as well as regenerative braking energy, can be achieved. Energy storages for EV applications are rated on the basis of three parameters namely, specific energy, energy density and specific power. These are the key parameters taken into account in selecting appropriate energy sources. The article provides an analysis of collaboration of an ultracapacitor module with an accumulator battery
Vybrané aspekty přímých daní a jejich interpretace a aplikace v judikatuře
Monografie si klade vcelku ambiciózní cíl, tj. na vybraných aspektech přímých daní zhodnotit interpretaci a aplikaci daňověprávních norem. Autoři se rozhodli podrobit kritické analýze vybrané instituty z oblasti přímých daní sensu largo, které byly předmětem judikatury tuzemských soudů v posledních třech letech. S ohledem na množství takových rozhodnutí a možný rozsah publikace nebylo samozřejmě možné postihnout veškerou materii, proto byl výběr zúžen na ty oblasti, na které autoři v rámci svého vědeckého bádání zaměřují nejčastěji a nejpodrobněji svoji pozornost a které považují za zajímavé a poskytující podněty k diskuzi a polemice
Psychosocial Aspects of a Flight to Mars
The first experiments modeling peoples’ behavior during a long-term cosmic flight revealed the need for a more systematic monitoring of the development of the crew’s mutual relationships, particularly in terms of collaboration and work-related communication. For this reason, in order to examine team dynamics, the sociomapping method was developed, which was first used in the HUBES 94 and ECOPSY 95 experiments. This method allows for an analysis and visualization of the continuous changes in communication and collaboration, including decreases in their quality and quantity. Sociomapping was used to monitor and analyze the communication and collaboration in simulations of flights to Mars in the Mars-105 and Mars-500 experiments. Based on the aforementioned experiments, it can be noted that statistically significant and nonrandom declines of the quantity and quality of team communication may occur during long-term missions, which may be related to changes in the team’s performance. These changes are influenced by exterior stress factors, as well as cultural and linguistic differences and the length of the flight itself. In this chapter, the main findings of the experiment, as well as the resulting recommendations for a successful management of the psychological aspects of a flight to Mars, will be summarized
Conversion through the spiritual exercises of St Ignatius of Loyola
The Spiritual Exercises of St Ignatius of Loyola functions as a unique program for spiritual conversion in Christianity. Despite being effective for over 500 years, there have been few formal studies of individuals’ experience of the Exercises. Based on psychological and philosophical literature on conversion through the Exercises, on practitioners’ reports, and on an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of survey responses and interviews with Jesuits, this research proposes a heuristic framework by which to understand the process of conversion through the Exercises as a change in the meaning system of the exercitant. The findings reveal those factors that support this change following the Exercises, and the absence of “struggle” that features in the literature. This study is a contribution to the research on conversion, validating the proposed framework
Municipalities and Gambling Taxation in the Czech Republic
Hazard is often is considered to be socially undesirable phenomena. Municipalities are the most important regulators of this business. Generally, municipalities have two possibilities how to reduce the negative effects of the gambling business run at their territories: they can prohibit the gambling at all or they can heavily tax the gambling business to minimize all the negative impacts of the hazard. The main goal of this article is to confirm or refute the hypothesis that the new regulation protects the interests of Czech municipalities in the area of hazard. It is obvious that gambling tax is an effective tool (not only) for local self-government and it is a new local tax in the Czech Republic as it fulfills all the conditions I have defined for a local tax.Hazard je často považován za společensky nepřijatelný fenomén. Obce jsou nejvýznamnějším regulátorem tohoto podnikání. Obecně mají obce dvě možnosti eliminovat negativní dopady podnikání v oblasti hazardu na svém území: mohou zcela zakázat hazard, nebo mohou výrazně zdanit hazardní byznys, aby minimalizovalli veškeré negativní dopady. Hlavním cílem článku je potvrdit nebo vyvrátit hypotézu, že nová právní úprava chrání zájmy českých obcí v oblasti hazardu. Je evidentní, že daň z hazardu je efektivní nástroj (nejen) pro místní samosprávu a jedná se o novu místní daň v ČR, neboť naplňuje veškeré definiční znaky místní daně.Hazard is often is considered to be socially undesirable phenomena. Municipalities are the most important regulators of this business. Generally, municipalities have two possibilities how to reduce the negative effects of the gambling business run at their territories: they can prohibit the gambling at all or they can heavily tax the gambling business to minimize all the negative impacts of the hazard. The main goal of this article is to confirm or refute the hypothesis that the new regulation protects the interests of Czech municipalities in the area of hazard. It is obvious that gambling tax is an effective tool (not only) for local self-government and it is a new local tax in the Czech Republic as it fulfills all the conditions I have defined for a local tax
System of Tax Law
This contribution deals with the system of tax law. The main aim of the contribution is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that there is a system of tax law. This can be really tough as in Central and Eastern European countries just a few legal schools accepts tax law as an independent branch of law. If the hypothesis is confirmed, the task is to describe and characterise the system of tax law using the knowledge from the legal theory and other branches of law in the Czech Republic and experience of tax law experts from the other countries in the Central and Eastern European region. Author will use the scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparison. "This is a targeted publication on the one topic (Financial Law). It has been requested for inclusion in WOS."Příspěvek se zabývá systémem daňového práva. Jeho hlavním cílem je potvrzení nebo vyvrácení hypotézy, že systém daňového práva existuje. To může být v podmínkách zemí střední a východní Evropy skutečně obtížné, neboť jen velmi málo právních škol akceptuje daňové právo jako samostatné odvětví práva. Pokud je základní hypotéza potvrzena, je nezbytné popsat a charakterizovat systém daňového práva za využití poznatků právní teorie a dalších právních odvětví v ČR a zkušeností expertů na daňové právo z jiných zemí střední a východní Evropy. Autor užívá zejména metod analýzy, syntézy a komparace. "Jedná se o zacílenou publikaci na jedno téma (finacial law). Bylo požádáno na zařazení do WOS."This contribution deals with the system of tax law. The main aim of the contribution is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that there is a system of tax law. This can be really tough as in Central and Eastern European countries just a few legal schools accepts tax law as an independent branch of law. If the hypothesis is confirmed, the task is to describe and characterise the system of tax law using the knowledge from the legal theory and other branches of law in the Czech Republic and experience of tax law experts from the other countries in the Central and Eastern European region. Author will use the scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparison
New Tourist Tax as a Tool for Municipalities in the Czech Republic
The Czech Republic is one of many states where the new legal regulation of tourist taxes was introduced to limit the shortcomings of the original regulation. The aim of this paper is to define the opportunities and threats of the new regulation in the Czech Republic in the area of tourist taxes. To achieve the purpose of this article, the tourist tax is defined and Czech legal regulation valid until the end of 2019 and since 2020 in the given area is analysed. The hypothesis that the new regulation is perfect and ideal for the tax administration and for the municipalities was confirmed only partially. While most of the critical issues were solved and the new tourist charge is a good step for both municipalities and the tax administration, the charge rate of 21 CZK in 2020, resp. 50 CZK in the following years is not adequate. With the new regulation, municipalities got new opportunities, primarily to increase their revenues. The single tourist charge makes the system easier for all stakeholders: for municipalities, for tourists, and for quartermasters. Issues arise especially concerning the simplified evidence and the non-chargeable long-term stays. Municipalities should be particularly careful when defining the exemptions and differentiating the charge rate for specific dates in the year, or specific parts of the municipality. The unequal treatment might be seen as discrimination or even unfair public incentive.Česká republika je jedním z mnoha států, kde byla zavedena nová právní úprava daní z cestovního ruchu s cílem omezit nedostatky původní úpravy. Cílem tohoto příspěvku je definovat příležitosti a hrozby nové regulace v České republice v oblasti turistických daní. Pro dosažení účelu tohoto článku je definována turistická daň a analyzována česká právní úprava platná do konce roku 2019 a od roku 2020 v dané oblasti. Hypotéza, že nová regulace je dokonalá a ideální pro správu daní a pro obce, se potvrdila jen částečně. Zatímco většina kritických otázek byla vyřešena a nový turistický poplatek je dobrým krokem jak pro obce, tak pro daňovou správu, sazba poplatku 21 Kč v roce 2020, resp. 50 Kč v následujících letech nestačí. Díky novému nařízení dostaly obce nové příležitosti, především ke zvýšení příjmů. Jednotný turistický poplatek usnadňuje systém pro všechny zúčastněné strany: pro obce, pro turisty a pro ubytovatele. Problémy vyvstávají zejména ve vztahu ke zjednodušené evidenci a k neupoplatněným dlouhodobým pobytům. Obce by měly být obzvláště opatrné při definování osvobození a rozlišování sazby poplatku pro konkrétní části roku nebo konkrétní části obce. Nerovné zacházení lze považovat za diskriminaci nebo dokonce za neoprávněnou veřejnou podporu.The Czech Republic is one of many states where the new legal regulation of tourist taxes was introduced to limit the shortcomings of the original regulation. The aim of this paper is to define the opportunities and threats of the new regulation in the Czech Republic in the area of tourist taxes. To achieve the purpose of this article, the tourist tax is defined and Czech legal regulation valid until the end of 2019 and since 2020 in the given area is analysed. The hypothesis that the new regulation is perfect and ideal for the tax administration and for the municipalities was confirmed only partially. While most of the critical issues were solved and the new tourist charge is a good step for both municipalities and the tax administration, the charge rate of 21 CZK in 2020, resp. 50 CZK in the following years is not adequate. With the new regulation, municipalities got new opportunities, primarily to increase their revenues. The single tourist charge makes the system easier for all stakeholders: for municipalities, for tourists, and for quartermasters. Issues arise especially concerning the simplified evidence and the non-chargeable long-term stays. Municipalities should be particularly careful when defining the exemptions and differentiating the charge rate for specific dates in the year, or specific parts of the municipality. The unequal treatment might be seen as discrimination or even unfair public incentive
Opodatkowanie influencerów korzystających z Instagrama
This scientific article discusses issues related to the taxation of Instagram influencers. Its main objective is to define how the influencers’ incomes should be taxed. To achieve this primary purpose, the partial objective is defined to give the list of (legal) cooperation contracts between the marketers and influencers. The hypothesis that there is no need to adopt new specific tax law norms to tax influencers’ incomes properly, at least in developed countries, was confirmed. All jurisdictions are taxing influencers’ incomes. It is always necessary to focus on the content of the relationship generating influencer’s income, as the principle of priority of content over form must be used. The tax liability is influenced only by the tax base. The tax rate and other structural components of the tax remain the same for different types of incomes. Generally, it is always better for the influencer to have a trading license (to be a businessman) than tax his/her incomes as incomes from copyright. Incomes from dependent activities based on labour law contract or occasional incomes are not probable for a typical influencer, and still, the taxation in this way is not really favourable. The novelty of the presented research lies in the fact that no scientific articles deal with the covered issues published so far. The author believes that the article has a cognitive value for both science and practice.W niniejszym artykule omówiono kwestie związane z opodatkowaniem influencerów korzystających z serwisu społecznościowego Instagram. Głównym celem było ustalenie sposobu, w jaki należy opodatkować dochody influencerów. Celem pośrednim dla osiągnięcia tego podstawowego celu było sporządzenie listy umów o współpracy pomiędzy specjalistami od marketingu a influencerami. Potwierdzono hipotezę o braku potrzeby uchwalania nowych norm prawa podatkowego dla prawidłowego opodatkowania dochodów influencerów, przynajmniej w krajach rozwiniętych. Wszystkie systemy prawne opodatkowują dochody influencerów. Trzeba zawsze koncentrować się na treści stosunku generującego dochód influencera, gdyż należy stosować zasadę pierwszeństwa treści nad formą. Należność podatkowa wynika jedynie z podstawy opodatkowania. Stawka podatku i inne elementy składowe podatku są takie same dla różnych rodzajów dochodu. Co do zasady rejestracja działalności gospodarczej jest dla influencera zawsze lepszym rozwiązaniem niż opodatkowanie dochodów z praw autorskich. Dochody z niezależnej działalności w oparciu o umowę o pracę lub dochody okazjonalne są dość rzadkie dla typowego influencera, a opodatkowanie w ten sposób nie jest w istocie korzystne. Nowatorski charakter przedstawionych badań polega na tym, że dotychczas w żadnych opublikowanych artykułach naukowych nie poruszono przedmiotowej tematyki. W opinii autora artykuł ma wartość poznawczą, zarówno naukową, jak i praktyczną
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