High-performance passive microwave survey on Josephson Junctions

The quasi-optical generations of images of objects with their internal structure in millimeter (MM) and submillimeter (SMM) bands is one of prime problems of modern radioelectronics. The main advantage of passive MM imaging systems in comparison with visible and infrared (IR) systems is small attenuation of signals in fog, cloud, smoke, dust and other obscurants. However, at a panoramic scanning of space the observation time lengthens and thereby the information processing rate becomes restricted so that single-channel system cannot image in real time. Therefore we must use many radiometers in parallel to reduce the observation time. Such system must contain receiving sensors as pixels in multibeam antenna. The use of Josephson Junctions (JJ) for this purpose together with the cryoelectronic devices like GaAs FET (field effect transistors) or SQUIDS for signal amplifications after JJ is of particular interest in this case

Патоморфологія деяких органів імуногенезу за експериментального відтворення коронавірусної інфекції у собак

The article, based on the results of histological studies, presents data on the microscopic structure of the immune system – thymus, spleen, lymph nodes of dogs with experimental infection with coronavirus enteritis. Pathomorphological studies of immunocompetent organs from the dead (n = 5) puppies crossed Labrador breeds with outbred, infected with a coronavirus field isolate cultured on heterologous cell cultures (kidney kidney hamster (BHK-21), rabbit kidney (RK-13) and the renal mumps (SPEV). Pathological dissection of dogs was performed by partial evisceration in the usual sequence. Prepared histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to standard recipes. The general histological structure and microstructural changes of histo- and cytostructures of organs in histological samples were studied under a light microscope. During coronavirus enteritis in dogs, pathomorphological changes in immunocompetent organs were found, which characterize the suppression of immunogenesis function during an infectious disease of viral etiology. Thus, in the spleen there are spotted hemorrhages, lymph nodes, moderate hyperplasia, with signs of hemorrhagic inflammation. Active proliferation of lymphoid cells, which leads to hyperplasia, is one of the markers of the pathogen's effect on the macroorganism in the form of an inflammatory process in regional lymph nodes, which indicates the multiplication of the virus and the development of immunological processes. Based on our analysis of literature sources, monitoring results and our own research, it was found that viral enteritis occupies a leading place in the infectious pathology of dogs and causes significant harm to animal owners. Thus, the need for additional research to clarify, supplement and summarize data on the pathomorphology of various organs and tissues in canine corona viridae enteritis, current immunoprophylaxis and treatment can significantly reduce the incidence and mortality from infection. We found a set of histological changes in the immune system during the experimental reproduction of coronavirus infection, can be considered a characteristic criterion for pathomorphological differential diagnosis of coronavirus enteritis in dogs.У статті, за результатами гістологічних досліджень, наведено дані щодо мікроскопічної будови органів імунного захисту – тимуса, селезінки, лімфатичних вузлів собак за експериментального зараження їх коронавірусним ентеритом. Проведено патоморфологічні дослідження імунокомпетентних органів від трупів (n = 5) цуценят, метис лабродора з безпородною, що були заражені польовим ізолятом корона вірусу, культивованим на гетерологічних культурах клітин (СПЕВ, ВНК-21, RK-13). Патологоанатомічний розтин собак виконували методом часткової евісцерації в загальноприйнятій послідовності. Виготовлені гістологічні зрізи фарбували гематоксиліном та еозином за стандартними прописами. Загальну гістологічну будову і мікроструктурні зміни гісто- та цитоструктур органів в гістологічних препаратах вивчали під світловим мікроскопом. За коронавірусного ентериту у собак виявляли патоморфологічні зміни в імунокомпетентних органах, що характеризують пригнічення функції імуногенезу під час інфекційного захворювання вірусної етіології. Так, у селезінці спостерігали крапчасті крововиливи, лімфатичні вузли, помірно гіперплазовані, з ознаками геморагічного запалення. Встановлено активну проліферацію лімфоїдного ряду клітин, що призводить до гіперплазії та є одним з маркерів впливу інфекційного агента на макроорганізм у вигляді запального процесу в реґіонарних лімфовузлах, що свідчить про репродукцію вірусу і вказує на розвиток імунологічних процесів. На основі проведеного нами аналізу літературних джерел, результатів моніторингових та власних досліджень з’ясовано, що вірусні ентерити займають провідне місце в інфекційній патології собак і наносять значні збитки власникам тварин. Тому необхідність додаткових досліджень з метою уточнення, доповнення та узагальнення даних з патоморфології різних органів і тканин за коронавірусного ентериту собак, сучасні методи імунопрофілактики та лікування дозволяють значно знизити рівень захворювання та летальність інфекції. Виявлений нами комплекс гістологічних змін в органах імунного захисту за експериментального відтворення коронавірусної інфекції можна вважати характерним критерієм патоморфологічної диференційної діагностики коронавірусного ентериту у собак

Histostructure of the gray matter of the spinal cord in cattle (Bos Taurus)

The scientific article presents the results of investigating the spinal cord`s morphology of a domestic bull (Bos Taurus). Data on the histo- and cytostructure of the spinal cord are given according to the results of histological, neurohistological, and morphometric studies. For their implementation, the selected material (spinal cord n = 8) was subjected to fixation in 10–12 % neutral formalin solution, followed by pouring into paraffin. Histological sections were made from paraffin blocks on a sliding microtome MS-2 with a thickness of not more than ten μm. Staining of sections with hematoxylin and eosin, according to Van Gieson's methods, as well as neuro-histological methods of impregnation of nerve tissue with silver nitrate according to the Bilshovskym-Gross method, was used for the morphometric studies, investigating the morphology of the cell, conducting and obtaining the review histological preparations. The histostructure of the spinal cord, the localization of neurons in the gray matter, and morphometric studies of structural elements were examined on histological specimens by light microscopy. The entire experimental part of the research was conducted following the requirements of the international principles of the "European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes" (Strasbourg, 1986). The spinal cord, medulla spinalis, an organ of the central nervous system of vertebrates, is located in the spinal canal. The spinal cord is protected externally by soft, arachnoid, and hard meninges. The space between the membranes and the spinal canal is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. It is well known that groups of multipolar nerve cells with the same functional value form the nuclei of the gray matter of the spinal cord. According to the results of our histological studies, a pronounced differentiation of nerve cells, which have different shapes and sizes. Among them are large, medium, and small nerve cells. The shape of nerve cells is different, which, in turn, depends on their location in certain areas of the gray matter of the spinal cord and the size of the cell. In general, there are multifaceted, stellate, spindle-shaped, elongated, rounded, and oval neurons. Small nerve cells have an oval or round, less often – irregularly rounded shape, medium – round, oval, spindle-shaped. Large nerve cells are dominated by a multifaceted shape with distinct processes. The nuclei of large nerve cells, in most cases, have a rounded shape, less often – oval, mostly in the center of the cells, seldom – eccentrically. According to the results of morphological studies, it is noted that the neurons of the gray matter of the spinal cord have different shapes and sizes. Consequently, in the gray matter, small cells are the highest quantity (47.91 ± 0.32 %) of the total number of nerve cells. The second place is occupied by average neurons (33.70 ± 0.46 %). The large cells are detected in the smallest amount (18.37 ± 0.50 %)

Pathomorphology of certain organs of immunogenesis by experimental reproduction of coronavirus infection in dogs

The article, based on the results of histological studies, presents data on the microscopic structure of the immune system – thymus, spleen, lymph nodes of dogs with experimental infection with coronavirus enteritis. Pathomorphological studies of immunocompetent organs from the dead (n = 5) puppies crossed Labrador breeds with outbred, infected with a coronavirus field isolate cultured on heterologous cell cultures (kidney kidney hamster (BHK-21), rabbit kidney (RK-13) and the renal mumps (SPEV). Pathological dissection of dogs was performed by partial evisceration in the usual sequence. Prepared histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to standard recipes. The general histological structure and microstructural changes of histo- and cytostructures of organs in histological samples were studied under a light microscope. During coronavirus enteritis in dogs, pathomorphological changes in immunocompetent organs were found, which characterize the suppression of immunogenesis function during an infectious disease of viral etiology. Thus, in the spleen there are spotted hemorrhages, lymph nodes, moderate hyperplasia, with signs of hemorrhagic inflammation. Active proliferation of lymphoid cells, which leads to hyperplasia, is one of the markers of the pathogen's effect on the macroorganism in the form of an inflammatory process in regional lymph nodes, which indicates the multiplication of the virus and the development of immunological processes. Based on our analysis of literature sources, monitoring results and our own research, it was found that viral enteritis occupies a leading place in the infectious pathology of dogs and causes significant harm to animal owners. Thus, the need for additional research to clarify, supplement and summarize data on the pathomorphology of various organs and tissues in canine corona viridae enteritis, current immunoprophylaxis and treatment can significantly reduce the incidence and mortality from infection. We found a set of histological changes in the immune system during the experimental reproduction of coronavirus infection, can be considered a characteristic criterion for pathomorphological differential diagnosis of coronavirus enteritis in dogs.</jats:p