Modelling atmospheric scatterers using spacecraft observations

Voyager images of Triton indicate considerable spatial variability in the concentration of at least two different scattering components in the atmosphere. Data from high phase angle limb scans were fit to Mie scattering models to derive mean particle sizes, number densities, and vertical extent for both types of scattering material at ten different locations between 15 deg S and 70 deg S. These fits reveal a thin haze at latitudes equatorward of 25-30 deg S. The imaging data can be fit reasonably well by both conservatively scattering and absorbing hazes with particle sizes near 0.18 micron and optical depths of order 0.001-0.01. Rayleigh scattering haze fits the imaging data somewhat less well, and can be totally ruled out by combining the imaging and UVS measurements. At high southern latitudes, Triton displays clouds below an altitude of approximately 8 km, as well as the haze at higher altitudes. The clouds have particle sizes which may range from 0.7-2.0 microns, or may be near 0.25 micron. The atmospheric optical depth poleward of 30 deg S must be generally greater than 0.1, but need not be more than 0.3. Horizontal inhomogeneities are quite noticeable, especially at longitudes east of (i.e., higher than) 180 deg

Physical properties of aerosols in Titan's atmosphere as deduced from visible observations

Analysis of the absolute value of Titan's albedo and its variation with increasing phase angle has yielded constraints on the optical properties and average particle size of the aerosols responsible for the scattering of visible light. The real index of refraction of the scattering material lies within the range 1.5 approximately less than nr approximately less than 2.0 and the average particle size is somewhere between 0.2 micrometer and 0.4 micrometer. The amount of limb darkening produced by these models leads to an occultation radius of approximately 2700 km

An ecological systems approach to reduce children's encounters with obscenity on the internet

The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file.Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on October 10, 2007)Vita.Thesis (Ph. D.) University of Missouri-Columbia 2007.This dissertation explores how to reduce children's encounters with obscenity on the Internet. Congress has been trying to shield children from encountering online obscenity and some of Congress' attempts failed because of unconstitutionality. The courts have been clear, however, that children have limited constitutional rights when the issue is obscenity even though they have trouble defining obscenity. This study modified Urie Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Model and named it the Internet Ecological Systems Model to solve the problem of children's encounters with online obscenity. The ecological systems perspective is a framework for recommendations and solutions. When each environmental system from the model collaborate in effort toward a common goal, the solution becomes effective. Congress and future researchers can use the Internet Ecological Systems Model for finding solutions to reduce the possibility of children encountering pornography and obscenity on the Internet.Includes bibliographical reference

The Effect of Condensates on the Characterization of Transiting Planet Atmospheres with Transmission Spectroscopy

Through a simple physical argument we show that the slant optical depth through the atmosphere of a "hot Jupiter" planet is 35-90 times greater than the normal optical depth. This not unexpected result has direct consequences for the method of transmission spectroscopy for characterizing the atmospheres of transiting giant planets. The atmospheres of these planets likely contain minor condensates and hazes which at normal viewing geometry have negligible optical depth, but at slant viewing geometry have appreciable optical depth that can obscure absorption features of gaseous atmospheric species. We identify several possible condensates. We predict that this is a general masking mechanism for all planets, not just for HD 209458b, and will lead to weaker than expected or undetected absorption features. Constraints on an atmosphere from transmission spectroscopy are not the same as constraints on an atmosphere at normal viewing geometry.Comment: 6 pages. MNRAS, in press. New version fixes some incorrect numbers in Table 1. References update

Impact of Edutainment Programme in Developing Life Skills with Specific Reference to Critical and Creative Thinking among Adolescent Students of Chattisgarh State

This study examined the influence of teaching methods, relevance, and effect of edutainment on the development of life skills. Using an Experimental research paradigm, the study compared the F values of Pre-test and Post-test of both Control and Experimental groups to know the influence of different variables on each other. The study was conducted in rural and urban areas of Bastar district, Chattisgarh demonstrated that the means of edutainment used such as brainstorming sessions, games, screening of Hindi movie „Siddharth‟, and group discussions to convey subject matters like Human Rights, especially Rights of Children, were successful in developing both positive and creative thinking in them. The level of achievement using edutainment was more among Government school students, both in rural and urban areas

Analisis Pendapat Siswa Tentang Pembelajaran Berbasis Media Televisi Selama Pandemi Covid-19

Education is the main means of improving the quality of human resources, without education it will be difficult to obtain maximum results from the quality of human resources. As a result of the covid-19 pandemic, various policies were implemented to break the chain of spreading the covid-19 virus in Indonesia. The Covid-19 pandemic has a major impact on various sectors, one of which is education. The world of education also feels the impact. Educators must ensure teaching and learning activities continue, even though students are at home. The solution, educators are required to design learning media as an innovation by utilizing online media. This is in accordance with the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia regarding Circular Number 4 of 2020 concerning Implementation of Education Policies in an Emergency for the Spread of Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19). The learning system is implemented through television media. Educators can learn together at the same time using groups on social media such as WhatsApp (WA), telegram, Instagram, zoom applications or other media as learning media. Thus, educators can ensure students follow the learning at the same time, even though in different places. Educators can also give measurable assignments in accordance with the objectives of the material presented to students. However, cases that often occur when the application of television media-based learning systems include, not all students have TVRI television channels, the purpose of this study is to describe the opinions of third grade students about television media-based learning during the pandemic. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods

Albedo and Reflection Spectra of Extrasolar Giant Planets

We generate theoretical albedo and reflection spectra for a full range of extrasolar giant planet (EGP) models, from Jovian to 51-Pegasi class objects. Our albedo modeling utilizes the latest atomic and molecular cross sections, a Mie theory treatment of extinction by condensates, a variety of particle size distributions, and an extension of the Feautrier radiative transfer method which allows for a general treatment of the scattering phase function. We find that due to qualitative similarities in the compositions and spectra of objects within each of five broad effective temperature ranges, it is natural to establish five representative EGP albedo classes: a ``Jovian'' class (T$_{\rm eff} \lesssim 150$ K; Class I) with tropospheric ammonia clouds, a ``water cloud'' class (T$_{\rm eff} \sim 250$ K; Class II) primarily affected by condensed H$_2$O, a ``clear'' class (T$_{\rm eff} \gtrsim 350$ K; Class III) which lacks clouds, and two high-temperature classes: Class IV (900 K $\lesssim$ T$_{\rm{eff}}$ $\lesssim$ 1500 K) for which alkali metal absorption predominates, and Class V (T$_{\rm{eff}}$ $\gtrsim$ 1500 K and/or low surface gravity ($\lesssim$ 10$^3$ cm s$^{-2}$)) for which a high silicate layer shields a significant fraction of the incident radiation from alkali metal and molecular absorption. The resonance lines of sodium and potassium are expected to be salient features in the reflection spectra of Class III, IV, and V objects. We derive Bond albedos and effective temperatures for the full set of known EGPs and explore the possible effects of non-equilibrium condensed products of photolysis above or within principal cloud decks. As in Jupiter, such species can lower the UV/blue albedo substantially, even if present in relatively small mixing ratios.Comment: revised LaTeX manuscript accepted to Ap.J.; also available at http://jupiter.as.arizona.edu/~burrows/paper