Demographic, Social and Economic Changes in Tharparkar (1988-2006) - An Analysis

This study is firstever in nature and belongs to Thaparkar but the concept is general and can be replicated in mostly rain-fed areaes of the world. This study attempts to find out demographic, social and economic changes and its prospects. To achieve mandated task, the study is focussed on: Firstly, to find out the existing trends of demographic changes in the district. Secondly, to identify ever-increasing population and demographic problems and policy implementation gap, and finally, the paper attempts to suggest policy recommendations for sustainable management of demographic problems. Data analysis, findings and recommendations would be beneficial to the policy makers, planers, government, NGOs, and donnor agerncies for further planning of the developlment policies. Demographic, social and economic changes are the variables for special analysis. Therefore, an attempt has been made to test the following hypothesises. It was hypothysed that: (i). Higher the population growth rate, lower the afforidability power. (ii). Higher the literacy ratio, lower the population growth. (iii). Higher the literacy ratio, higher the living status. (iv). Higher the urbanization, higher the literacy ratio. (v). When the literacy rate increases, the positive development also increases in social sectors. (vi). Population density increases, the income growth rate decresaes.Rain-fed Areas; Demographic; Social and Economic Changes; Transient and Incoherent Grazing

Livlihood Diversification and Opinion Polls’ Analysis: Evidence From Tharparkar-Sindh (Pakistan)

In this paper attempt has been made: (i) to analyse the opinion poll of Tharis about livilihood and its diversifaction, (ii) to identify the livlihood available resources and attitute of Tharis to these resources. Poll question’s answers are analysed accordingly to draw conclusion from this analysis. Study reveals that Tharis have interest in agriclture especially livestock being their main source of livelihood and crops are failed due to shortage of rain fall. Sheep and Goats are the main growing livestock of Thar and Tharis love to rear these cashable livestocks with intrest because it is easily saleable. Thus it is the sustainable source of income for them. In Thar District the agriculture can be linked to rain falls only. Attitude of Tharis indicates that some of them are ready to divert from conventional agricultural work to other income generating businesses. Therefore, there is a need to create awareness about new opportunities within their district.Livilihood Diversification; Tharparkar; Agroculture; Livestock; Sustanable Source

Self-Reliance Micro-Finance in Tharparkar-Sindh: Suggested Techniques

In this paper attempt has been made to analyze the conditions and possibilities for Self-Reliance Micro-Finance (SRMF), and propose a Thar Micro-Finance Bank (TMFB) and suggest implications. This study is about Tharparkar but concept is general. The study reveals that the proposed bank can be established in Tharparkar. Some active NGOs have started such type of programs in some of the villages out of these some people are getting benefits. Introducing this system requires motivation and awareness among people about its benefits. This system will give dual benefits, first the assistance and second completion of social and economic projects. People will get benefit at the required time. This practice will save time and expenditure, which would be utilized for the disbursement of funds to be distributed by donors and government at the time of famine conditions and other emergencies like earth quack, cyclone and damages during rainfall, etc. This system will provide the safety nets to Tharis that will alleviate poverty to enable the Thari people to prosper, thus improving the economy of Pakistan.Access to demand driven Self-reliance Microfinance, Depositing, Insurance, Education, Awareness, Motivation

Economic Factors Influencing Corporate Capital Structure in Three Asian Countries: Evidence from Japan, Malaysia and Pakistan

This study is an attempt to determine the factors that influence a firm’s choice of capital structure in three Asian countries: Japan, Malaysia and Pakistan. The specific objective is to investigate if country’s economic factors play a significant role in determining capital structure between markets. These countries are chosen in order to represent three different stages of economic development. Literature review reveals that considerable research has been made in the industrialized countries on the similar topic. Capital structure is one of the most complex areas of strategic financial decision making due to its interrelationship with macroeconomic variables. This study reveals that per capita GNP growth for Japan and Malaysia is significantly related to capital structure of firm and higher economic growth tends to cause to use more long term debt. These results for Pakistan are different from those other two countries. This also shows that inefficiencies coupled with high leverage may entangle Pakistani firms in debt trap. The indicator of prime lending rate is the most decisive factor affecting demand for credit for Japan and Malaysia. It is evident from the analysis that financial liberalization provides major support in the development of capital structure and overall corporate sector in all the three countries.Capital Structure, Business Cycle, Liquidity, Economic Growth

Dynamics of migration and commuting to the urban centres of\ud Slovenia, 2000-2011\ud

In this paper, the dynamics of migration and\ud commuting into the urban centres of Slovenia\ud in 2000–2011 is presented. The influence of the\ud attractiveness of urban centres, the influence of the\ud emissiveness of migration and commuting flows in\ud the origin and the influence of the distance between\ud origins and destinations on migration and commuting\ud flows into the urban centres in Slovenia were analysed\ud in a spatial interaction model. The dynamics of\ud the parameters were analysed for the period before\ud (2000-2007) and in the economic crisis (2008-2011).\ud According the Spatial Development Strategy of\ud Slovenia, the urban centres of Slovenia were considered\ud at four levels: national urban centres of international\ud importance, urban centres of national significance,\ud urban centres of inter-regional significance and urban\ud centres of inter-municipal significance

Reforming Farmland and Rangeland at Tharparkar: Suggested Implementations for Income Generation.

This paper is the analysis of farming and rangeland of rain-fed area of Tharparkar and it is desert area, but the concept is general and applicable for every part of the world’s desert where agriculture is rain-fed dependant. It is disadvantaged area of Pakistan. Its’ main source of income is livestock, people like agriculture, but agriculture is not sustainable source of income due to shortage of rainfall. There is need of awareness of reforming of farmland and rangeland; fencing is the best way for farmland reform. Only this practice can help the farmers supplying the fodder in drought conditions. Rangeland also should be conserved for the natural vegetation providing, fodder. Increase in livestock would lead Thar to agro-based industrial economy. We should get the lesson from the example of Denmark where previous condition was like Tharparkar.Farming, Rain Fed, Livestock, Farmland, Rangeland, Forecast, Reform, Natural-Vegetation, Sustainable, Organization.

Self-Reliance Micro-Finance in Tharparkar-Sindh: Suggested Techniques

In this paper attempt has been made to analyze the conditions and possibilities for Self-Reliance Micro-Finance (SRMF), and propose a Thar Micro-Finance Bank (TMFB) and suggest implications. This study is about Tharparkar but concept is general. The study reveals that the proposed bank can be established in Tharparkar. Some active NGOs have started such type of programs in some of the villages out of these some people are getting benefits. Introducing this system requires motivation and awareness among people about its benefits. This system will give dual benefits, first the assistance and second completion of social and economic projects. People will get benefit at the required time. This practice will save time and expenditure, which would be utilized for the disbursement of funds to be distributed by donors and government at the time of famine conditions and other emergencies like earth quack, cyclone and damages during rainfall, etc. This system will provide the safety nets to Tharis that will alleviate poverty to enable the Thari people to prosper, thus improving the economy of Pakistan.Access to demand driven Self-reliance Microfinance; Depositing; Insurance; Education; Awareness; Motivation

Economic Factors Influencing Corporate Capital Structure in Three Asian Countries: Evidence from Japan, Malaysia and Pakistan

This study is an attempt to determine the factors that influence a firm’s choice of capital structure in three Asian countries: Japan, Malaysia and Pakistan. The specific objective is to investigate if country’s economic factors play a significant role in determining capital structure between markets. These countries are chosen in order to represent three different stages of economic development. Literature review reveals that considerable research has been made in the industrialized countries on the similar topic. Capital structure is one of the most complex areas of strategic financial decision making due to its interrelationship with macroeconomic variables. This study reveals that per capita GNP growth for Japan and Malaysia is significantly related to capital structure of firm and higher economic growth tends to cause to use more long term debt. These results for Pakistan are different from those other two countries. This also shows that inefficiencies coupled with high leverage may entangle Pakistani firms in debt trap. The indicator of prime lending rate is the most decisive factor affecting demand for credit for Japan and Malaysia. It is evident from the analysis that financial liberalization provides major support in the development of capital structure and overall corporate sector in all the three countries.Capital Structure, Business Cycle, Liquidity, Economic Growth

Numerical simulation of debris flows triggered from the Strug rock fall source area, W Slovenia

The Strug landslide was triggered in December 2001 as a rockslide, followed by a rock fall. In 2002, about 20 debris flows were registered in the Kosec village; they were initiated in the Strug rock fall source area. They all flowed through the aligned Brusnik channel, which had been finished just before the first debris flow reached the village in April 2002. Debris flow events were rainfall-induced but also governed by the availability of rock fall debris in its zone of accumulation. After 2002 there was not enough material available for further debris flows to reach the village. Nevertheless, a decision was reached to use mathematical modeling to prepare a hazard map for the village for possible new debris flows. Using the hydrological data of the Brusnik watershed and the theological characteristics of the debris material, 5 different scenarios were defined with the debris flow volumes from 1000 m(3) to a maximum of 25 000 m(3). Two mathematical models were used, a one-dimensional model DEBRIF-1D, and a two-dimensional commercially available model FLO-2D. Due to the lack of other field data, data extracted from available professional films of debris flows in 2002 in the Kosec village were used for model calibration. The computational reach was put together from an 800-m long upstream reach and 380-m long regulated reach of the Brusnik channel through the village of Kosec. Both mathematical models have proved that the aligned Brusnik channel can convey debris flows of the volume up to 15 000 m(3). Under the most extreme scenario a debris flow with 25 000 m3 would locally spill over the existing levees along the regulated Brusnik channel. For this reason, additional river engineering measures have been proposed, such as the raising of the levees and the construction of a right-hand side sedimentation area for debris flows at the downstream end of the regulated reach

Knowledge Transformation and Economic Development: The Role of Digital Technology- An Analysis

This paper assesses the role of evolutionary process in knowledge transformation and economic development, especially due to emerging diversified digital technology. Everywhere, in the world, ever-advancing digital technology is performing a revolutionary role in converting the world into a global village. The knowledge, scientific and non-scientific, is being transformed with an enormous speed through digital media. Getting education through technology is providing audio-visual way of enhancing knowledge. But digital technology has its positive and negative affects. It needs some positive steps to ensure the qualitative knowledge transformation. In this article copyrights of accessing computerized data is also discussed, which prevents legal transformation of knowledge for globalisation of the world, research based education, and economic development. There different views of different. Learned authors have presented different views for reflection and deeper understanding. This study, with brief history of knowledge transformation, is worthy of fruitful suggestions.Technology; Knowledge; Transformation; Scientific-Data; Research; Fair- Extract; Revolution and Low-Cost economic development