EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIZED IPOMOEA NIL AGAINST SELECTED PATHOGENS

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study is to investigate a simple and feasible approach for the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using leafextract of Ipmoea nil and to evaluate its antibacterial activity.Methods: The AgNPs synthesized was characterized by a change in color and the absorption peaks by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The phytocompounds responsible for the reduction and capping of silver ions was known from Fourier transform infrared spectra and phytochemical analysis.The antibacterial effects of prepared aqueous AgNPs were detected against five types of pathogenic bacteria, including Gram-negative and Grampositivebacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Bacillius, Proteus, and Klebsilla pneumonia) using agar well diffusion method.Results: A peak absorption value between 400 and 450 nm and the color change of the extract from yellowish to red wine were corresponds tothe plasmon absorbance of AgNPs. On the other hand, aqueous extract of I. nil mediated AgNPs found to be effective against tested microorganisms(Salmonella, Bacillus, and Proteus) with inhibition zone in the range of 10-13 mm (20 μl and 10 μl) except E. coli and K. pneumonia. Furthermore,aqueous extract of I. nil leaves had no ability to suppress the growth of the tested microorganisms in the concentration of 10 μl. The control alsoproduced similar inhibition zones like AgNPs.Conclusions: Our findings indicated that green synthesized AgNPs mediated by I. nil leaf extract had an efficient anti-bactericidal activity against thebacterial species tested. Hence, further studies are needed to highlight its mechanism and application as an antibacterial agent.Keywords: Ipomoea nil, Silver nanoparticles, Antibacterial activity, Bacteria

A comparative mini review of the phytochemicals and biological properties of haustorium and endosperm of Cocos nucifera

Natural substances derived from plants and herbs are excellent sources of therapeutic drugs, offering numerous vital properties that benefit human health. Recently, there has been increased interest in utilizing natural products. One notable plant with significant nutraceutical and health benefits is the coconut tree (Cocos nucifera). Humans use various products from the coconut tree, such as coconut oil, water, and husk. Previous research has extensively explored coconut fruit’s endosperm’s nutritional, antioxidant, and phytochemical properties. However, there are limited studies on the phytochemical and nutraceutical attributes of the coconut haustorium, an edible part of the fruit. The coconut haustorium possesses considerable benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, antimicrobial, antitumor, analgesic, antipyretic, antidiarrheal, and antidiabetic properties. This review aims to summarize and compare the phytochemical and nutraceutical properties of the coconut haustorium with those of its endosperm. The findings conclude that the coconut haustorium exhibits outstanding nutraceutical and phytochemical properties comparable to the endosperm

In-vitro screening of bio-potency of Cocos nucifera haustorium and its efficacy against HepG2 cell line

Cocos nucifera (coconut) has been extensively studied for its nutraceutical and medicinal properties, but research on the haustorium of C. nucifera is limited. This study aimed to analyze the antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties of the C. nucifera haustorium. Antimicrobial studies were conducted using a well diffusion technique, while antioxidative assays included DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 tests. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed using the egg albumin denaturation and HRBC assays, and the anticancer activity was evaluated with the MTT assay. Among the tested bacterial strains, the maximum inhibition zones were 13.33 ± 0.58 mm for E. coli and 12.67 ± 0.58 mm for S. aureus at a 100 µg/mL concentration. Regarding antifungal activity, the haustorium extract demonstrated minimal effect against Candida albicans. The antioxidative activity was notable, with DPPH showing 74.74 ± 1.05%, ABTS at 78.45 ± 0.86%, and hydrogen peroxide at 71.64 ± 0.68%, all at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. The anti-inflammatory effects were assessed through the egg albumin denaturation assay, which showed an activity of 72.68 ± 0.87%, and the HRBC assay, which demonstrated 83.93 ± 0.90%. These results were comparable to the standard Diclofenac sodium, which showed 81.33 ± 0.95% inhibition in the egg albumin denaturation assay and 88.3 ± 0.66% in the HRBC assay at 50 µg/mL. Similar trends were observed for anticancer activity against the HepG2 cell line. The treatment caused the cells to shrink and fragment, indicating that the haustorium exhibits significant anticancer properties, leading to apoptosis in human HepG2 cells with an IC50 concentration of 43.91 µg/mL, without affecting normal cells. In conclusion, the results of this study highlight the medicinal properties of the haustorium of C. nucifera, suggesting it as a potential and promising candidate for developing novel drugs in the field of ethnopharmacology

EFFECT OF COENZYME Q10 ALONE AND ITS COMBINATION WITH ROSUVASTATIN ON STREPTOZOTOCIN-NICOTINAMIDE INDUCED DIABETIC NEUROPATHY IN RATS

Objectives: This study was aimed to investigate the effect of coenzyme Q10 and its combination with rosuvastatin on STZ-nicotinamide induced diabetic neuropathy.Methods: Diabetic neuropathy in rats were induced with streptozotocin-nicotinamide. The diabetic rats were treated with coenzyme Q10 or rosuvastatin or their combination. Various parameters like muscular grip strength, paw withdrawal response, tail flick response and markers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde (MDA) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the sciatic nerve were measured. All treated animal was subjected to histopathological changes of sciatica nerve.Results: In diabetic control group, muscular grip strength was significantly decreased and increased paw withdrawal response, tail flick response as compared to normal control rats. In addition, STZ-nicotinamide caused nerve cell damage with a higher MDA level, depletion of SOD and GSH level along with marked degeneration of the nerve cell. The treatment of diabetic rats with coenzyme Q10 or rosuvastatin or their combination ameliorate STZ-nicotinamide induced nerve damage due to improvement in the muscular grip strength, paw withdrawal response, tail flick response, reduction in oxidative stress along with histopathological changes.Conclusion: This finding suggests that treatment with coenzyme Q10 or rosuvastatin showed significant neuroprotective effect against STZ-nicotinamide induced diabetic neuropathy. However, concomitant administration of both showed a better neuroprotective effect than coenzyme Q10 or rosuvastatin alone treatment.Â

A REVIEW ON GREEN-SYNTHESIS OF CERIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES: FOCUS ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS

Green Synthesized Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) have sparked a lot of interest in numerous disciplines of science and Technology during the past decade. A wide range of biological resources has been employed in synthesizing CeO2NPs, including plants, microorganisms, and other biological products. Biosynthesis procedures, current knowledge, and prospects in the synthesis of Green synthesis of CeO2NPs are also discussed. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as aging, trauma, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, and other neurological problems, are linked to higher oxidative stress and superoxide radicals generation. Cerium oxide nanoparticles' antioxidant properties suggest that they may be useful in the treatment of CNS diseases. The biological antioxidant benefits of cerium oxide nanoparticles on extending cell and organism lifespan, preventing a free radical attack, and preventing trauma-induced neurological damage are discussed in this section. CeO2NPs, an aspect of nanotechnology, would emerge as a novel drug delivery carrier through therapeutic strategies. In several diseases oxidative stress and inflammation. CeO2NPs exhibited a remarkable ability to switch between+3 and+4 oxidation states making this an efficient therapeutic option and an effective drug delivery agent. Further Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The overall goal of this study is to provide reasonable insight into CeO2NPs as new therapeutic agents and to solve the challenges, of safely and effectively employing these CeO2NPs for efficient management of Central Nervous System diseases

Thorium- and Uranium-Mediated C–H Activation of a Silyl-Substituted Cyclobutadienyl Ligand

Cyclobutadienyl complexes of the f-elements are a relatively new yet poorly understood class of sandwich and half- sandwich organometallic compounds. We now describe cyclobutadienyl transfer reactions of the magnesium reagent [(η$^4$-Cb\u27\u27\u27\u27)Mg(THF)$_3$] (1), where Cb\u27\u27\u27\u27 is tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-cyclobutadienyl, toward thorium(IV) and uranium(IV) tetrachlorides. The 1:1 stoichiometric reactions between 1 and AnCl$_4$ proceed with intact transfer of Cb\u27\u27\u27\u27 to give the half-sandwich complexes [(η$^4$-Cb\u27\u27\u27\u27)AnCl(μ-Cl)$_3$Mg(THF)$_3$] (An = Th, 2; An = U, 3). Using a 2:1 reaction stoichiometry produces [Mg$_2$Cl$_3$(THF)$_6$][(η$^4$-Cb\u27\u27\u27\u27)An(η$^3$-C$_4$H(SiMe$_3$)$_3$-κ-(CH$_2$SiMe$_2$)(Cl)] (An = Th, [Mg$_2$Cl$_3$(THF)$_6$][4]; An = U [Mg$_2$Cl$_3$(THF)$_6$][5]), in which one Cb\u27\u27\u27\u27 ligand has undergone cyclometalation of a trimethylsilyl group, resulting in the formation of an An−C σ-bond, protonation of the four-membered ring, and an η$^3$-allylic interaction with the actinide. Complex solution-phase dynamics are observed with multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for both sandwich complexes. A computational analysis of the reaction mechanism leading to the formation of 4 and 5 indicates that the cyclobutadienyl ligands undergo C−H activation across the actinide center

Enhancing black gram “[Vigna mungo (l.) Hepper]” nutrient uptake and yield through integrated use of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer application

Black gram is an important legume crop cultivated throughout the world for its protein content and economic importance. The integrated nutrient management practice is the key strategy to increase the production and productivity of black gram to meet the protein needs of the growing population. There is an immediate need for organic manure application along with inorganic fertilizer for increasing the nutrient uptake efficiency of crops. The goal of the field experiment was to maximise the delivery of nutrients by recycling residue from the cropping system's related components. Different organic manures and the appropriate dosages of NPK fertilisers were used in the studies from 2019 to 2021 and the field was laid out in split plot statistical design with 5 main plots viz., M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and 3 Sub plots were fixed with different fertilizer levels viz., S1, S2 and S3. The significant influences on growth and yield attributes of black gram were observed. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and uptake in grain and haulm yield significantly increased with the application of M2S1 compared to other combinations tried in both years. This experiment highlights the effectiveness of integrated nutrient management (INM) using organic manure and inorganic fertilizers. This approach can improve crop yield while promoting sustainability by reducing reliance solely on chemical fertilizers