Characteristic Length Scale of Electric Transport Properties of Genomes

A tight-binding model together with a novel statistical method are used to investigate the relation between the sequence-dependent electric transport properties and the sequences of protein-coding regions of complete genomes. A correlation parameter $\Omega$ is defined to analyze the relation. For some particular propagation length $w_{max}$, the transport behaviors of the coding and non-coding sequences are very different and the correlation reaches its maximal value $\Omega_{max}$. $w_{max}$ and \omax are characteristic values for each species. The possible reason of the difference between the features of transport properties in the coding and non-coding regions is the mechanism of DNA damage repair processes together with the natural selection.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

The Law of International Trade of Some European Socialist Countries and East-West Trade Relations

The constant growth of the forces of production has led to a linking of the entire world and an unprecedented interdependence of the economies of various countries. Therefore the stabilization and further development of the world\u27s economy cannot be envisaged without an ever-widening economic cooperation between all states belonging to different economic and social structures. International trade is the most important means of this cooperation because it constitutes an intermediary in the international circulation of goods. Hence the legal rules governing international trade transactions assume great importance. These rules are established by the laws of every country and also by international treaties and agreements

\u3cem\u3eIn re Hydrogen Peroxide\u3c/em\u3e: Reinforcing Rigorous Analysis for Class Action Certification

This Comment explores the reasons why the Third Circuit’s high rigorous analysis standard, which increases a district court’s role in the class certification process, should be reviewed and adopted by the Supreme Court. Part II contains an overview of the history of class actions, the class certification process, and the procedural requirements under FRCP 23. Part III analyzes the Third Circuit’s rigorous analysis standard for certification of a class action and discusses the three standards that district courts must apply when considering class certification motions. Part IV explores other relevant federal court class certification decisions, examines the principal case at odds with the Third Circuit (the Ninth Circuit case Dukes v. Wal-Mart), and explains the need for further Supreme Court clarification. Part IV also explains why Supreme Court involvement is needed to resolve this class certification issue and why the Court should adopt the In re Hydrogen rigorous analysis standard. Part V summarizes this Comment and argues in support of a high rigorous analysis standard for class certification. Part VI concludes

Mechanism of action studies on the FR-9000482 class of antitumor antibiotics

1997 Summer.Includes bibliographical references.The interactions of members of the FR-900482 class of antitumor antibiotic agents with DNA has been examined. Importantly, the first in vitro demonstration of nucleic acid interstrand cross-linking has been reported and the DNA base pair sequence specificity of the cross-linking event has been elucidated. These agents demonstrate a high degree of selectivity for 5'-CG-3' sequences of DNA. As such, bio-mechanistic analogy between these compounds and the clinically employed compound Mitomycin Chas been shown. Efforts have also examined extensively the ability of these agents to give rise to orientation isomers of each respective cross-link and their different properties. DNA-protein cross-linking by these agents has also been examined. A sequence-specific DNA-peptide binding motif has been identified which undergoes drug-mediated DNA-protein cross-linking. This is the first reported instance of a mitosene based-minor groove DNA-protein cross-link event. Significantly, the motif examined is characteristic of tissues which bear striking similarity to those of cancerous cell lines

Synthesis, structural characterization, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of aziridine, 2-aminoethylaziridine and azirine complexes of copper(II) and palladium(II).

The synthesis, spectroscopic and X-ray structural characterization of copper(II) and palladium(II) complexes with aziridine ligands as 2-dimethylaziridine HNCH2CMe2 (a), the bidentate N-(2-aminoethyl)aziridines C2H4NC2H4NH2 (b) or CH2CMe2NCH2CMe2NH2 (c) as well as the unsaturated azirine NCH2CPh (d) are reported. Cleavage of the cyclometallated Pd(II) dimer [μ-Cl(C6H4CHMeNMe2-C,N)Pd]2 with ligand a yielded compound [Cl(NHCH2CMe2)(C6H4CHMe2NMe2-C,N)Pd] (1a). The reaction of the aziridine complex trans-[Cl2Pd(HNC2H4)2] with an excess of aziridine in the presence of AgOTf gave the ionic chelate complex trans-[(C2H4NC2H4NH2-N,N′)2Pd](OTf)2 (2b) which contains the new ligand b formed by an unexpected insertion and ring opening reaction of two aziridines (“aziridine dimerization”). CuCl2 reacted in pure HNC2H4 or HNCH2CMe2 (b) again by “dimerization” to give the tris-chelated ionic complex [Cu(C2H4NC2H4NH2-N,N′)3]Cl2 (3b) or the bis-chelated complex [CuCl(C2H2Me2NC2H2Me2NH2-N,N′)2]Cl (4c). By addition of 2H-3-phenylazirine (d) to PdCl2, trans-[Cl2Pd(NCH2CPh)2] (5d) was formed. All new compounds were characterized by NMR, IR and mass spectra and also by X-ray structure analyses (except 3b). Additionally the cytotoxic effects of these complexes were examined on HL-60 and NALM-6 human leukemia cells and melanoma WM-115 cells. The antimicrobial activity was also determined. The growth of Gram-positive bacterial strains (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis) was inhibited by almost all tested complexes at the concentrations of 37.5–300.0 μg mL−1. However, MIC values of complexes obtained for Gram-negative E. coli and P. aeruginosa, as well as for C. albicans yeast, mostly exceeded 300 μg mL−1. The highest antibacterial activity was achieved by complexes 1a and 2b. Complex 2b also inhibited the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. Graphical abstract: Synthesis, structural characterization, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of aziridine, 2-aminoethylaziridine and azirine complexes of copper(ii) and palladium(ii

Synthesis of structurally diverse major groove DNA interstrand crosslinks using three different aldehyde precursors

DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are extremely cytotoxic lesions that block essential cellular processes, such as replication and transcription. Crosslinking agents are widely used in cancer chemotherapy and form an array of structurally diverse ICLs. Despite the clinical success of these agents, resistance of tumors to crosslinking agents, for example, through repair of these lesions by the cellular machinery remains a problem. We have previously reported the synthesis of site-specific ICLs mimicking those formed by nitrogen mustards to facilitate the studies of cellular responses to ICL formation. Here we extend these efforts and report the synthesis of structurally diverse major groove ICLs that induce severe, little or no distortion in the DNA. Our approach employs the incorporation of aldehyde precursors of different lengths into complementary strands and ICL formation using a double reductive amination with a variety of amines. Our studies provide insight into the structure and reactivity parameters of ICL formation by double reductive amination and yield a set of diverse ICLs that will be invaluable for exploring structure-activity relationships in ICL repairope

Conversion of DNA methyltransferases into azidonucleosidyl transferases via synthetic cofactors

Aziridine-based cofactor mimics have been synthesized and are shown to undergo methyltransferase-dependent DNA alkylation. Notably, each cofactor mimic possesses an azide functionality, to which can be attached an assortment of unnatural groups following methyltransferase-dependent DNA delivery. DNA duplexes modified with these cofactor mimics are capable of undergoing the Staudinger ligation with phosphines tethered to biological functionalities following enzymatic modification. This methodology provides a new tool by which to selectively modify DNA in a methyltransferase-dependent way. The conversion of biological methyltransferases into azidonucleosidyl transferases demonstrated here also holds tremendous promise as a means of identifying, as yet, unknown substrates of methylation

Health as reflection of internal peace: the causes and treatments of psychosomatic diseases

Psihosomatskim bolestima se smatraju sva organska oboljenja u čijem nastanku glavnu ulogu imaju psihološki faktori. Objašnjavanje uzroka psihosomatskih oboljenja ovisi o pristupu znanstvenika. Ovim radom će se objasniti psihoanalitičko poimanje uzroka psihosomatskih bolesti (S. Freud i F. Alexander) prema kojem je nesvjesni sukob u pojedincu i njegovo simboličko ispoljavanje kroz organe uzrok bolesti. Nadalje, prikazat će se i pristup kojim se pojavnost ovih bolesti tumačiti kroz strukturu ličnosti (H.F.Dunbar). Ovim radom obuhvaćeno je i stajalište kako je stres uzrok ovih bolesti (H. Wolff i H. Selye). Pobliže će se objasniti i neuroznanstveni pristup kojim se pokušavaju razjasniti procesi u mozgu za vrijeme stresnih okolnosti (J. LeDoux). Tretmani liječenja psihosomatskih oboljenja su kompleksni jer je i samo oboljenje kompleksno. Nužno je djelovati na fizičkoj razini odnosno djelovati kako bi došlo do oporavka organa i tkiva. Liječenje uključuje i djelovanje na psihičkoj razini, tj. omogućiti pojedincu da se pravilno nauči nositi sa stresom. Takvo liječenje je moguće pomoću raznolikih tretmana: kognitivno-bihevioralna terapija, terapija yogom, terapija plesom i pokretom, tehnika biofeebacka, autogeni trening, koji će ovim radom biti pobliže opisani

Health as reflection of internal peace: the causes and treatments of psychosomatic diseases

Psihosomatskim bolestima se smatraju sva organska oboljenja u čijem nastanku glavnu ulogu imaju psihološki faktori. Objašnjavanje uzroka psihosomatskih oboljenja ovisi o pristupu znanstvenika. Ovim radom će se objasniti psihoanalitičko poimanje uzroka psihosomatskih bolesti (S. Freud i F. Alexander) prema kojem je nesvjesni sukob u pojedincu i njegovo simboličko ispoljavanje kroz organe uzrok bolesti. Nadalje, prikazat će se i pristup kojim se pojavnost ovih bolesti tumačiti kroz strukturu ličnosti (H.F.Dunbar). Ovim radom obuhvaćeno je i stajalište kako je stres uzrok ovih bolesti (H. Wolff i H. Selye). Pobliže će se objasniti i neuroznanstveni pristup kojim se pokušavaju razjasniti procesi u mozgu za vrijeme stresnih okolnosti (J. LeDoux). Tretmani liječenja psihosomatskih oboljenja su kompleksni jer je i samo oboljenje kompleksno. Nužno je djelovati na fizičkoj razini odnosno djelovati kako bi došlo do oporavka organa i tkiva. Liječenje uključuje i djelovanje na psihičkoj razini, tj. omogućiti pojedincu da se pravilno nauči nositi sa stresom. Takvo liječenje je moguće pomoću raznolikih tretmana: kognitivno-bihevioralna terapija, terapija yogom, terapija plesom i pokretom, tehnika biofeebacka, autogeni trening, koji će ovim radom biti pobliže opisani