Природа легитимности власти в дискурсе переходного типа социальности

Рассмотрена природа легитимности власти в дискурсе переходного типа социальности, раскрыта специфика социальных институтов и ценностей переходного времени, рассмотрена проблема сохранения стабильности общества

Highlights: Spring Council Meeting

Council members present at the May 24, 1981, meeting were Keiiti Aki, Steven Burges (for Jim Wallis), Peter S. Eagleson, E. R. Engdahl, Charles E. Helsley, James R. Heirtzler, Carl Kisslinger, Leslie H. Meredith, Chris N. K. Mooers, Norman F. Ness, Marcia M. Neugebauer, James J. O'Brien, Richard Rapp, Carl Sagan, James C. Savage, Joseph V. Smith, Fred Spilhaus, Donald L. Turcotte, James A. Van Allen, J. Tuzo Wilson, and Jay Winston (for Elmar R. Reiter until his arrival at 6:50 P.M.). David Strangway, representing the Canadian Geophysical Union, and Peter Steinhauser, representing the European Geophysical Society, were special observers at the meeting. Council meetings are open, and a number of section secretaries, committee chairmen, journal editors, and other members attended. The following major actions were adopted by the Council: The experiment of publishing oceanography and lower‐atmosphere papers in JGR Green issues alternate to those containing upper‐atmosphere papers will be continued through 1982. From preliminary indications the experiment seems to be working, but a full year of data, including a renewal cycle, is needed to assess the success of the experiment. Final decision will be made prior to the 1983 dues notices

Dimensional weighting in cross-dimensional singleton conjunction search

In order to efficiently deploy our limited visual processing resources, we must decide what information is relevant and to be prioritized and what information should rather be ignored. To detect visual information that we know is relevant but that is not very salient, we need to set our system to prioritize and combine information from different visual dimensions (e.g., size, color, motion). Four experiments examined the allocation of processing resources across different visual dimensions when observers searched for a singleton target defined by a conjunction of size (primary dimension: the target was always large) with either color or motion (secondary dimension: variable across trials) within heterogeneously sized, colored, and moving distractors. The results revealed search reaction times to be substantially increased in a given trial in which the secondary target dimension was changed from the preceding trial-indicative of a suboptimal distribution of dimensional weights carried over from the previous trial and of attentional weight being bound by the (need to filter within the) primary dimension, thereby reducing the weight available for processing the secondary dimensions. Semantic precueing of the secondary dimension and visual marking of the search-irrelevant items in the primary dimension reduced these costs significantly. However, observers were limited in their ability to implement both top-down sets simultaneously. These findings argue in favor of a parallel distribution of dimensional processing resources across multiple visual dimensions and, furthermore, that visual marking releases attentional weight bound to the primary dimension, thus permitting more efficient (parallel) processing in the secondary dimensions

Estimation of Diffusion Coefficient of Lithium in Carbon Using AC Impedance Technique

The validity of estimating the solid phase diffusion coefficient, Ds, of a lithium intercalation electrode from impedance measurement by a modified electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method is studied. A macroscopic porous electrode model and concentrated electrolyte theory are used to simulate the synthetic impedance data. The modified EIS method is applied for estimating Ds. The influence of parameters such as the exchange current density, radius of active material particle, solid phase conductivity, porosity, volume fraction of inert material, and thickness of the porous carbon intercalation electrode, the solution phase diffusion coefficient, and transference number, on the validity of Ds estimation, is evaluated. A simple dimensionless group is developed to correlate all the results. It shows that the accurate estimation of Ds requires large particle size, small electrode thickness, large solution diffusion coefficient, and low active material loading. Finally, a full model method is developed for the cases where the modified EIS method does not work well

Development of a Novel CO Tolerant Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Anode

Typically Pt is alloyed with metals such as Ru, Sn, or Mo to provide a more CO-tolerant, high-performance proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) anode. In this work, a layer of carbon-supported Ru is placed between the Pt catalyst and the anode flow field to form a filter. When oxygen is added to the fuel stream, it was predicted that the slow H2 kinetics of Ru in this filter would become an advantage compared to Pt and Pt:Ru alloy anodes, allowing a greater percentage of O2 to oxidize adsorbed CO to CO2. With an anode feed of H2, 2% O2, and up to 100 ppm CO, the Pt + Ru filter anode performed better at 70°C than the Pt:Ru alloy. The oxygen in the anode feed stream was found to form a hydroxyl species within the filter. The reaction of these hydroxyl groups with adsorbed CO was the primary means of CO oxidation within the filter. Because of the resulting proton formation, the Ru filter must be placed in front of and adjacent to the Pt anode and must contain Nafion in order to provide the ionic pathways for proton conduction, and hence achieve the maximum benefit of the filter

Modeling Heat Conduction in Spiral Geometries

A two-dimensional (2-D) energy balance (the 2D model) is reduced to a one-dimensioanl (1-D) energy balance (the 1D-radial-spiral model) by a coordinate transformation approach. The 1D-radial-spiral model, even though 1-D, captures both radial and spiral heat conductions over a wide range of design parameters. By comparing the temperature predictions of the 1D-radial-spiral model and the 2D model, parameter ranges were identified where spiral conduction was important and where the 1D-radial-spiral model held. The 1D-radial-spiral model provided a sixtyfold savings in computation time over the 2D model. When coupled to electrochemistry, the 2D model took approximately 20 h to simulate a 2C discharge of a Li-ion battery, while the 1D-radial-spiral model took about 20 min

Increasing Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Catalyst Effectiveness Through Sputter Deposition

Sputter deposition has been investigated as a tool for manufacturing proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) electrodes with improved performance and catalyst utilization vs. ink-based electrodes. Sputter-depositing a single layer of Pt on the gas diffusion layer provided better performance (0.28 A/cm2 at 0.6 V) than sputtering the Pt directly onto a Nafion membrane (0.065 A/cm2 at 0.6 V) and equaled the performance of the baseline for an equivalent Pt loading. Sputter-depositing alternating layers of Pt and Nafion-carbon ink (NCI) onto the membrane did not increase the performance over the baseline as measured in amperes per centimeter squared due to the excessive thickness of the NCI (the NCI accounted for 99.9% of the electrode thickness). However, three and six layer Pt/NCI membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) resulted in Pt activities double that of the 905 A/g at 0.6 V achieved by the ink-based baseline. Decreasing the thickness of each NCI layer increased the performance of the six-layered Pt/NCI MEA from 0.132 to 0.170 A/cm2 at 0.6 V, providing an activity of 2650 A/g at 0.6 V. It is likely that by further decreasing the ratio of NCI to Pt in these electrodes, Pt activity, and PEMFC electrode performance can be increase