Kuru Nila Mannargal (Feudal Lords) showing the Natrinai

The names of Cirraracan refer to the Kuru Nila Mannargal (Feudal Lords)of the Sangam age who were not Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas, especially the Velir army. According to the sangam age war traditions, the war begins at sunrise in the morning. References are indicated that when the sun sets, they will break down and stop the war. Malayan's martial prowess is shown in the historical accounts in which the Aryan army ran away, fearing the army of Mullur Malayan. Many of these kings excelled in giving the goods they possessed to the debtors. This article explores with such cirraracan, generals, and their specialties

Improved Bi-GRU for parkinson’s disease severity analysis

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neuro-degenerative issue, evaluated via the continuous deterioration of motor functions over time. This condition leads to a gradual decline in movement capabilities. For diagnosing clinical set of PDs, medical experts utilize medical observations. These observations are highly based on the expert’s experience and can vary among clinicians due to its subjective nature, leading to differences in evaluation. The gait patterns of individuals with PD typically exhibit distinctions from those of adults. Evaluating these gait malformations not only aids in diagnosing PD but can also enable the categorization of severity stages with respect to symptoms of motor movement. Therefore, this paper introduces a classification of gait model based on the optimized deep learning (DL) model bidirectional gated recurrent unit-artificial hummingbird optimizer (BI-GRU-AHO). The training and testing involved the sequential segmentation of the right and left instances from the signals of vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) based on the identified gait cycle. The outcomes of the proposed BI-GRU-AHO exhibits reliable and accurate assessment of PD and achieved better accuracy of 98.7 %. The proposed model is trained and tested satisfactorily; hence it can be implemented in a real-time environment by integrating the model into a software application or system capable of receiving real-time data from PD patients

Preliminary screening of plant essential oils against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)

Preliminary screenings of 22 plant essential oils were tested for mortality of the mosquito larvae Culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions. Percent (%) mortality of the mosquito larvae were obtained for each essential oil. At different exposure periods, viz. 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h among the 22 plant oils tested, eight oils viz., aniseed, calamus, cinnamon, clove, lemon, orange, thyme, and tulsi oils gave promising results on larvicidal activity. For larvicidal screening bioassay, the mortality was recorded at different exposure periods viz., 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, and it was found that larval mortality increased when exposure time increased. The clove oil was found to be the most effective treatment. In the preliminary screening, clove oil gave 100% mortality at all exposure periods. Vetiver oil recorded 36.2, 61.2, 76.2, 87.5 and 100% mortality in 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, respectively. Results of this study show that the essential oils may be a potent source of natural larvicides.Key words: Screening, essential oils, Culex quinquefasciatus, Larvicidal

ADULTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF BOTANICAL OILS BY IMPREGNATED PAPER ASSAY AGAINST CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS SAY

Objective: The present study was undertaken with the aim of finding out the efficacy of essential oils (EOs) as anti-mosquito agents for commercial purposes. Plant source insecticides as an alternative to chemical insecticide, this study were evaluated to assess the knock-down and adulticidal prospective of the essential oils against Culex quinquefasciatus. The plant essential oil is largely cultivated throughout India and in all Tropical countries.Methods: The selected botanical essential oils were procured from commercial producers of plant essential oils and aromatic substances were used in this study. Knock-down and Adulticidal bioassay was performed according to WHO protocol. A single dose of the essential oils was used in the preliminary screening. 20 adult mosquitoes (3-5 d old glucose fed mosquitoes) were exposed on treated paper for one hour and knocked down and live mosquitoes were counted at 5 minute intervals.Results: Among the twenty three oils tested, 100% knock-down and adult mortality was recorded at 10%/cm2dose of calamus, camphor, cinnamon, citronella, clove, eucalyptus, lemongrass, pine, thyme and tulsi oils respectively. At 10 % concentration, clove oil (KT50 =1.8 and KT90 = 2.03 min) was found to be the most potential treatment. After 15 min exposure period clove oil registered the lowest knock-down dosewhich was calculated as (KD50 =1.8 %/cm2and KD90 =11.2 %/cm2). The lower and upper 95 % confidence limits for clove oil were calculated as 0.2 and 4.2 min respectively.Conclusion: From the results it can be concluded that the adult of the Cx. quinquefasciatus were susceptible to the essential oils. Such findings would be useful in promoting research aiming at the development of new agent for mosquito control on basis of chemical compounds from indigenous plant sources as an alternative to chemicals

Statistical Image Watermarking In DWT with Capacity Improvement

Abundant techniques has been widely used to design robust image watermarking schemes but in most cases due significance is not given on capacity and data imperceptibility aspects. Robustness of an image-watermarking scheme is the ability to detect the watermark after intentional attacks and normal audio/visual processes. This paper proposes a well-organized blind watermark detection scheme using DWT coefficients. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is widely applied to image watermarking applications because it decomposes a cover image into spatial domain as well as frequency domain simultaneously. The proposed method improves the capacity of image watermarking. The proposed paper concentrates on some of the main attributes necessary for image watermarking. They are embedding scheme, maximum likelihood detection, decision threshold, and the Laplacian model for image watermarking. The embedding method is multiplicative and done at second level of DWT decomposition by most favorable choice of the embedding strength. The watermark detection is based on the maximum likelihood ratio. Neyman-Pearson criterion is used to reduce the missed detection probability subject to a fixed false alarm probability. The DWT coefficients are assumed to be modeled using the Laplacian distribution. The proposed method is tested for imperceptibility, robustness, and capacity and proved to have better robustness and better imperceptibility and better capacity than other conventional watermarking techniques that were proposed earlier in literature

Emodin Suppresses Migration and Invasion through the Modulation of CXCR4 Expression in an Orthotopic Model of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma

10.1371/journal.pone.0057015PLoS ONE83

Randomised short-term trial of high-span versus low-span APAP for treating sleep apnoea

PURPOSE: Auto-titrating continuous positive airway pressure (APAP) devices were developed to improve treatment efficacy and compliance in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). Since there are insufficient data on the optimal pressure range setting, we aimed to compare the adherence, efficacy and tolerability of treatment with high-span versus low-span APAP. METHODS: Seventy-six newly diagnosed OSAS patients fulfilling the treatment criteria were randomised to receive high-span (HS, range 4-15cmH2O, n?=?38) or low-span (LS, range 8-12cmH2O, n?=?38) APAP. Patients were assessed at 1 and 3 months. RESULTS: Median Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) was 13 (IQR, 6-16) and median apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) was 35.9 (IQR, 27.6-56.3). There were no significant differences in baseline demographic and clinical characteristics between groups. Overall, no significant differences were found at the first month assessment. After 3 months of therapy, we found again no differences in residual AHI or ESS. However, the group HS proved less adherent than group LS, respectively, with median 87 % (IQR, 60.5-97.5) versus 94 % (IQR, 80.0-98.3) of the nights using =4 h (P?=?0.014) and mean (±SD) usage 5.7?±?1.6 versus 6.4?±?1.2 h/night (P?=?0.049). The group HS reported more frequently nasal congestion, excessive oronasal dryness and nocturnal awakenings of at least moderate intensity, the latter with statistical significance (P?=?0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Both pressure ranges appear to be equally effective to correct AHI and to improve symptoms. Though, patients with high-span APAP were less compliant to treatment, raising issues about the tolerability of wide pressure range settings of these devices.T Pinto has received financial support from Linde and Vitalaire (Healthcare Providers) for attending symposia and honoraria for speaking at symposia from Philips. After the conclusion of the study, JC Winck has started working in a global position for Linde. The remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interest

MREM-IUP - A MultiRegressor Based Ensemble Model for Assessing the Internet Addiction in Youth Using Physical and Behavioural Indicators

The rising prevalence of internet use among adolescents has led to increased research on Problematic Internet Usage (PUI), a behavioral issue linked to negative impacts on mental and physical health. Existing assessment tools for PUI often lack precision, overlooking key factors like physical activity levels. This study proposes a Multi-Regressor Ensemble Model for Internet Usage Prediction (MREM-IUP) to predict PUI severity in adolescents by integrating physical activity data, demographics, and behavioral assessments. Using a rich dataset from the HealthyBrain Network, our model combines advanced machine learning algorithms—LightGBM, XGBoost, CatBoost, and TabNet—within a Voting Regressor to predict the Severity Impairment Index (SII). Our model achieved an optimized Quadratic Weighted Kappa (QWK) score of 0.92, indicating high accuracy in predicting PUI severity. Additionally, significant correlations were found between low physical activity levels and higher PUI scores, highlighting physical fitness as a potential protective factor. The proposed model offers a novel, data-driven approach to assessing PUI, with potential applications in developing targeted interventions that promote healthier online habits among youth