Probing the Early Universe with Axion Physics and Gravitational Waves

We show results for the expected reach of the network of experiments that is being set up globally with the aim of detecting the "invisible" axion, in light of a non-standard thermal history of the universe. Assuming that the axion is the dark matter, we discuss the reach of a successful detection by a given experimental setup in a particular axion mass window for different modifications of the cosmological background before primordial nucleosynthesis occurred. Results are presented both in the case where the present energy budget in cold axions is produced through the vacuum realignment mechanism alone, or in the case in which axionic strings also provide with additional contributions to the axion energy density. We also show that in some cosmological models, the spectrum of gravitational waves from the axionic string network would be within reach of the future network of detectors like LISA and DECIGO-BBO. We conclude that some scenarios describing the early universe can be probed jointly by the experimental efforts on axion detection and by gravity wave multi-messenger astronomy.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures. Accepted in PRD. Matches published versio

Remembering the Taste of Senegal

2012 essay contest winner Arielle Ramberg\u27s Remembering the Taste of Senegal Ramberg traveled abroad in 2010 but participated in the 2012 essay contest

Luftforsvaret en læringsorganisasjon?: Logistiske utfordringer ved HORAlRs deployering til Bosnia 1993

This study looks at the expanding definition of threats to international peace and security, in relation to traditional notions of sovereignty, employed by the Security Council. Ian Johnstone traces the evolution in the Security Council’s conception of permissible intervention in internal affairs in the period since 1990. He examines the fine line between consent and coercion in international operations, discusses the implications of UN’s involvement in peacebuilding activities for the concept of sovereignty, and asks in what ways the development in the international normative climate has affected UN efforts to manage transitions from war to peace. I denne studien drøfter Leif Morten Ramberg i hvilken grad en slik evaluerings- og læringsprosses fra deployering har foregått i Luftforsvaret. Han har lagt særlig vekt på erfaringer fra NORAIRs deployering til Bosnia høsten 1993. Benytter Luftforsvaret prinsippene for effektiv organisasjonslæring? Er Luftforsvaret en læringsorganisasjon

Utvecklingsplan för företag inom kulturturism : Fallstudie: Bistro Klykan

Arbetet har utförts som ett beställningsarbete åt Oy Pats events Ab. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka begreppet kulturturism och dess betydelse i Finland. Arbetet utgör samtidigt en utvecklingsplan åt säsongsrestaurangen Bistro Klykan. Bistro Klykan ligger i Nagu, Åbolandskärgård. I detta arbete presenteras fallstudien Bistro Klykan som är en nuvarande säsongsrestaurang i Nagu under sommarmånaderna. I detta samband har olika personer bosatta eller som arbetar i Nagu intervjuats för att få en inblick på hur kulturturismen ökat och hur matkulturen har utvecklats i Nagu. Bistro Klykans affärsidé presenteras och skribenten kommer att utveckla affärsidén med hjälp av canvasen från business model generations. Meningen är att restaurangen skall utvecklas så att nästa säsong skall bli mer lönsam. Arbetet är uppbyggt på nästa sätt: Först klargörs begreppet kulturturism så att läsaren kan redan i början får begrepp om ordet. Sen kommer en undersökning om kulturturismen i Finland och teori för utvecklingsplanen. Teoridelen beskriver kort de nio byggstenar som hör till business model canvasen. Sedan efterföljer en presentation av Bistro Klykan samt den teoribaserade utvecklingsplanen. Denna del innehåller även en swot analys.This thesis is commissioned by Oy Pats event Ab. The purpose of the thesis is to examine the concept of cultural tourism and its significance in Finland. The thesis will at the same time serve as a development plan for the seasonal restaurant Bistro Klykan in Nagu, the archipelago of Åbo. The thesis presents the case study of Bistro Klykan, a seasonal restaurant in Nagu during the summer months. Various individuals living or working in Nagu have been interviewed to get an insight into how the cultural tourism has increased and the food culture has developed in Nagu. The business concept of Bistro Klykan is presented and the author will develop this concept by using the canvas for business model generation. The aim is to develop a more profitable concept for next season. The thesis is structured as follows: At first cultural tourism is defined for the reader to have an insight of the concept. Then follows research into cultural tourism in Finland and a theory base for the development plan. The theory describes the nine building blocks of the Business Model Canvas. The thesis ends with a presentation of Bistro Klykan and the development plan based on the theory. This part also includes a SWOT analysis

Compression resistance of aluminium stub columns using continuous strength method

Parallel Session 4B: Stainless steel & aluminiumAluminium members are getting more popular in structural applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, attractive appearance, recyclability, ease of production and availability. The elastic modulus of aluminium, however, is only a third of ordinary steel, makes it vulnerable to excessive deflection. Thin sections are susceptible to local buckling at a relatively low stress and welding makes it even worse; the design stress i.e. 0.2% proof stress is almost halved in the vicinity of Heat Affected Zones (HAZ). Currently available design Codes have their guidelines both for welded and non-welded aluminium columns, which seem to produce conservative predictions for aluminium cross-sections subjected to compression. The current research aims to exploit a newly developed strain based design approach 'Continuous Strength Method (CSM)' to predict the behaviour of aluminium tubular cross-sections subjected to compression. This paper also explores the applicability of CSM to include the effects of HAZ.postprintThe 13th International Symposium on Tubular Structures (ISTS 13), Hong Kong, China, 15-17 December 2010. In Tubular structures XIII: proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Tubular Structures, 2010, Chapter 29, p. 257-26

Direct CP Violation in KL→π+π−γK_L\to\pi^+\pi^-\gamma

CP violation due to interference between $K_L$ and $K_S$ decays into $\pi ^+\pi^-\gamma$ is analyzed in the Standard Model. The CP-violating parameter $\epsilon'_{+- \gamma}$, which is the difference between $\eta_{+-\gamma}$ and $\eta_{+-}$, receives dominant contributions from $K^0-\bar{K}^0$ mixing and the gluon penguin diagram; its magnitude is calculated to be $10^{-2}\epsilon$ at a typical region of the Dalitz plot. Genuine direct CP violation in $K_L\to\pi^+ \pi^-\gamma$ decay originating from the electromagnetic penguin diagram is of order $10^{-4}\epsilon$.Comment: Latex, 14 pages, ITP-SB-93-32, IP-ASTP-20-9

The Weak Tie Between Natural Gas and Oil Prices

Several recent studies establish that crude oil and natural gas prices are cointegrated, so that changes in the price of oil appear to translate into changes in the price of natural gas. Yet at times in the past, and very powerfully in the last two years, many voices have noted that the two prices series appear to have "decoupled". We explore the apparent contradiction between these two views. Although we also find that the two series are cointegrated, recognition of the statistical fact of cointegration needs to be tempered with two additional points that we think have been insufficiently emphasized in the past literature. First, there is an enormous amount of unexplained volatility in natural gas prices at short horizons. Hence, any simple formulaic relationship between the price of oil and the price of natural gas will leave a large portion of the price of natural gas unexplained. Second, the cointegrating relationship does not appear to be stable through time. Natural gas prices may be tied to oil prices, but the relationship can shift dramatically over time. Therefore, although the two price series are cointegrated, the confidence intervals for both short and long time horizons are large.Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Researc

The Influence of Gas-to-Liquids and Natural Gas Production Technology Penetration on the Crude Oil-Natural Gas Price Relationship

The paper examines conditions under which gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology penetration shifts the crude oil-natural gas price ratio. Technologies that enable direct substitution across fuels, as GTL does, may constrain the price ratio within certain bounds. We analyze the forecasted evolution of the crude oil-natural gas price ratio over the next several decades under alternative assumptions about the availability and cost of GTL and its natural gas feedstock. We do this using a computable general equilibrium model of the global economy with a focus on the refinery sector in the U.S. Absent GTL, a base case forecast of global economic growth over the next few decades produces dramatic increases in the oil-natural gas price ratio. This is because there is a more limited supply of low-cost crude oil resources than natural gas resources. The availability of GTL at conventional forecasts of cost and efficiency does not materially change the picture because it is too expensive to enhance direct competition between the two as fuels in the transportation sector. GTL only modulates the increasing oil-gas price ratio if both (i) natural gas is much cheaper to produce, and (ii) GTL is less costly and more efficient than conventional forecasts.This work has been funded in part by BP, the MITEI ENI Energy Fellowship, the MITEI Martin Family Fellowship, and sponsors of MIT’s Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. The Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science under grants DE-FG02-94ER61937, DE-FG02- 08ER64597, DE-FG02-93ER61677, DE-SC0003906, DE-SC0007114, XEU-0-9920-01; the U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory under Subcontract 4000109855; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under grants XA-83240101, PI-83412601-0, RD-83427901-0, XA-83505101-0, XA-83600001-1, and subcontract UTA12-000624; the U.S. National Science Foundation under grants AGS-0944121, EFRI-0835414, IIS-1028163, ECCS-1128147, ARC-1203526, EF-1137306, AGS-1216707, and SES-0825915; the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under grants NNX06AC30A, NNX07AI49G, NNX11AN72G and Sub Agreement No. 08-SFWS-209365.MIT; the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration under grants 06-C-NE-MIT, 09-C-NE-MIT, Agmt. No. 4103-30368; the U.S. Department of Transportation under grant DTRT57-10-C-10015; the Electric Power Research Institute under grant EP-P32616/C15124, EP-P8154/C4106; the U.S. Department of Agriculture under grant 58-6000-2-0099, 58-0111-9-001; and a consortium of 35 industrial and foundation sponsors (for the complete list see: http://globalchange.mit.edu/sponsors/all)

Conservation of Statistics and Generalized Grassmann Numbers

Conservation of statistics requires that fermions be coupled to Grassmann external sources. Correspondingly, conservation of statistics requires that parabosons, parafermions and quons be coupled to external sources that are the appropriate generalizations of Grassmann numbers.Comment: 10 pages, late