Primeros resultados de los trabajos arqueológicos en el lago Colhué Huapi (Chubut)

El objetivo general del proyecto de investigación, iniciado en 2005, es el estudio de los procesos de diversificación económica en poblaciones cazadoras recolectoras de Patagonia Central. Generalmente se considera que estos grupos basaron su economía casi exclusivamente en la caza del guanaco (Lama guanicoe); sin embargo, creemos que la economía de estos grupos pudo haber sido más diversificada en momentos y ambientes (o microambientes) particulares, como es el caso de los sistemas lacustres. (...)Fil: Moreno, Julian Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia ; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Perez Ruiz, Hugo Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia ; ArgentinaFil: Ramirez Rozzi, Fernando. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Reyes, Mariano Rodolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Svoboda, Ariadna. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral; ArgentinaFil: Peralta Gonzalez, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Herrera Santana, Misael. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia ; Argentin

Mouthiers-sur-Boëme, Chez les Rois

Chez les Rois est un gisement de référence de l'Aurignacien charentais et un des rares gisements aurignaciens européens à avoir livré des restes humains en place. Fouillé entre 1930 et 1939 par Potut et entre 1948 et 1952 par Mouton et Joffroy (1958), ce gisement a fait l'objet d'un sondage en 2005 et d'une fouille programmée entre 2006 et 2008 (d'Errico et Vanhaeren 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008). Cette opération de terrain a fait suite à la reprise de l'étude des restes humains et du matériel archéologique issus des fouilles Mouton et Joffroy ainsi qu'à sa datation (Ramirez Rozzi et al. sous presse). L'objectif des nouvelles fouilles était de préciser l'attribution culturelle des assemblages, la chronologie et nature de l'occupation aurignacienne ainsi que l'affiliation taxinomique des groupes humains qui ont fréquenté le site

Different cranial ontogeny in Europeans and Southern Africans

Modern human populations differ in developmental processes and in several phenotypic traits. However, the link between ontogenetic variation and human diversification has not been frequently addressed. Here, we analysed craniofacial ontogenies by means of geometric-morphometrics of Europeans and Southern Africans, according to dental and chronological ages. Results suggest that different adult cranial morphologies between Southern Africans and Europeans arise by a combination of processes that involve traits modified during the prenatal life and others that diverge during early postnatal ontogeny. Main craniofacial changes indicate that Europeans differ from Southern Africans by increasing facial developmental rates and extending the attainment of adult size and shape. Since other studies have suggested that native subsaharan populations attain adulthood earlier than Europeans, it is probable that facial ontogeny is linked with other developmental mechanisms that control the timing of maturation in other variables. Southern Africans appear as retaining young features in adulthood. Facial ontogeny in Europeans produces taller and narrower noses, which seems as an adaptation to colder environments. The lack of these morphological traits in Neanderthals, who lived in cold environments, seems a paradox, but it is probably the consequence of a warm-adapted faces together with precocious maturation. When modern Homo sapiens migrated into Asia and Europe, colder environments might establish pressures that constrained facial growth and development in order to depart from the warm-adapted morphology. Our results provide some answers about how cranial growth and development occur in two human populations and when developmental shifts take place providing a better adaptation to environmental constraints.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Developmental connections between cranial components and the emergence of the first permanent molar in humans

The age of emergence of the first molar (M1) is a developmental event correlated with many variables of primate life history, such as adult brain size. The evolution of human life history is characterized by the inclusion of childhood, which takes place between weaning and M1 emergence. Children still depend on adults for nutrition due to their small digestive system and their immature brains. By contrast, juveniles are not dependent because of M1 emergence, which enables shifting to adult type diet, and attainment of nearly adult brain size. In this study, developmental connections between M1 emergence and growth of cranial components were explored in two ways in order to understand the developmental basis of their evolutionary connections: (1) differences in growth trajectories of cranial components with respect to M1 emergence and (2) differences between individuals with and without fully emerged M1. Growth of anteroneural, midneural, posteroneural, otic, optic, respiratory, masticatory and alveolar cranial components was analysed in human skulls of individuals aged 0-20 years and in an adult reference skull. Volumetric indices were calculated to estimate size. Two subsamples were selected in order to focus on the transition between deciduous and permanent dentition: those with full deciduous dentition and before M1 reaches the occlusal plane; and those who present M1 in full emergence and no other cheek-tooth at the occlusal plane. The principal results were as follows. (1) Trajectories fitted using the whole sample are characterized by an inflection point that takes place before M1 emergence for neural components and around M1 emergence for facial components. (2) Associations between growth and age tend to be strong in those with full deciduous dentition, and weak in those who present M1 in full emergence. (3) Individuals who present M1 in full emergence are larger than those with full deciduous dentition. (4) Growth of components linked to the central nervous system is not linear until M1 emergence. Individuals who present M1 in full emergence are only larger than individuals with full deciduous dentition by 4-5% of adult size. (5) The alveolar component does not show increments between full deciduous dentition and M1 emergence. (6) When volumetric indices were standardized by age, the growth trajectories of individuals with full deciduous dentition and of those with M1 were not decoupled. In general terms, M1 emergence does not show a strong association with growth of the components that may explain differences in life histories. However, the main changes in neural and alveolar components occur in the first 3 years of life, which may be developmentally connected with M1 crown formation.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Moange-le-Bosquet, intégration à deux vitesses d'un village pygmée Baka

International audienceLa fin de la marginalisation des groupes autochtones est un atout des organisations de défense des droits de minorités. Malgré les efforts des organisations gouvernementales et des ONG ainsi que la bonne volonté des institutions, l'intégration des pygmées Baka dans la société camerounaise se fait attendre. La communauté Baka de Moange-le-Bosquet est un exemple particulier. Elle a su bénéficier de l'organisation du territoire par l'État camerounais mais elle continue à subir le mépris des non-pygmées au quotidien comme l'attestent des nombreux événements. L'exemple du Bosquet montre que l'intégration au quotidien reste à faire ; elle est la plus difficile car elle passe par un changement dans la conception de « l'Autre pygmée » chez les grands noirs. Les Baka sont un groupe pygmée dont sa répartition géographique comprend le sud-est du Cameroun, le nord du Gabon, le nord-ouest du Congo et le sud-ouest de la République Centrafricaine (Ramirez Rozzi 2015). Ils habitent en pleine forêt dans des campements constitués par quelques huttes (mongulus) conformant une population d'environ 15-20 personnes liés par des rapports familiaux ou claniques (Philippart de Foy 1984). En plus des campements établis en plein forêt, les Baka se regroupent dans des campements plus grands près des villages peuplés par des individus appartenant à des groupes de langue Bantou, nommés par les Baka, les grands-noirs. La proximité des campements aux villages résulte du rapport particulier que les Baka ont avec les grands-noirs : ils sont leurs sujets. Tout chef de village consulté à propos des campements Baka voisins parlera de 'ses' pygmées à lui. Le village Moange-le-Bosquet au sud-est du Cameroun représente une exception. Sa population est constituée presque exclusivement par des pygmées Baka ; très peu d'individus du groupe bantou de la région, les Nzimé, y habitent. Le Bosquet doit sa particularité à sa fondation et à la présence d'une mission catholique. La fréquentation depuis dix ans de ce village avec une assiduité régulière m'a permis d'établir des liens très forts avec quelques individus et de suivre la réalité des Baka dans la région (Ramirez Rozzi et al. 2015, Ramirez Rozzi 2016). Fondation du Bosquet Les soeurs spiritains, congrégation missionnaire née en 1915, sont présentes au Cameroun depuis 1924. La soeur spiritain Marie-Albéric s'installa en 1970 avec une autre soeur à Messok, village, à l'époque de 250 habitants, au sud-est du Cameroun. Elle y découvrit la réalité des Baka et commença à élaborer le projet de réaliser un village Baka pour les soustraire de la servitude qu'ils subissent de la part des Nzimés (Girolet P. 2005). Depuis 1964, le gouvernement camerounais demandait aux « hommes de l

Developmental connections between cranial components and the emergence of the first permanent molar in humans

The age of emergence of the first molar (M1) is a developmental event correlated with many variables of primate life history, such as adult brain size. The evolution of human life history is characterized by the inclusion of childhood, which takes place between weaning and M1 emergence. Children still depend on adults for nutrition due to their small digestive system and their immature brains. By contrast, juveniles are not dependent because of M1 emergence, which enables shifting to adult type diet, and attainment of nearly adult brain size. In this study, developmental connections between M1 emergence and growth of cranial components were explored in two ways in order to understand the developmental basis of their evolutionary connections: (1) differences in growth trajectories of cranial components with respect to M1 emergence and (2) differences between individuals with and without fully emerged M1. Growth of anteroneural, midneural, posteroneural, otic, optic, respiratory, masticatory and alveolar cranial components was analysed in human skulls of individuals aged 0-20 years and in an adult reference skull. Volumetric indices were calculated to estimate size. Two subsamples were selected in order to focus on the transition between deciduous and permanent dentition: those with full deciduous dentition and before M1 reaches the occlusal plane; and those who present M1 in full emergence and no other cheek-tooth at the occlusal plane. The principal results were as follows. (1) Trajectories fitted using the whole sample are characterized by an inflection point that takes place before M1 emergence for neural components and around M1 emergence for facial components. (2) Associations between growth and age tend to be strong in those with full deciduous dentition, and weak in those who present M1 in full emergence. (3) Individuals who present M1 in full emergence are larger than those with full deciduous dentition. (4) Growth of components linked to the central nervous system is not linear until M1 emergence. Individuals who present M1 in full emergence are only larger than individuals with full deciduous dentition by 4-5% of adult size. (5) The alveolar component does not show increments between full deciduous dentition and M1 emergence. (6) When volumetric indices were standardized by age, the growth trajectories of individuals with full deciduous dentition and of those with M1 were not decoupled. In general terms, M1 emergence does not show a strong association with growth of the components that may explain differences in life histories. However, the main changes in neural and alveolar components occur in the first 3 years of life, which may be developmentally connected with M1 crown formation.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Developmental connections between cranial components and the emergence of the first permanent molar in humans

The age of emergence of the first molar (M1) is a developmental event correlated with many variables of primate life history, such as adult brain size. The evolution of human life history is characterized by the inclusion of childhood, which takes place between weaning and M1 emergence. Children still depend on adults for nutrition due to their small digestive system and their immature brains. By contrast, juveniles are not dependent because of M1 emergence, which enables shifting to adult type diet, and attainment of nearly adult brain size. In this study, developmental connections between M1 emergence and growth of cranial components were explored in two ways in order to understand the developmental basis of their evolutionary connections: (1) differences in growth trajectories of cranial components with respect to M1 emergence and (2) differences between individuals with and without fully emerged M1. Growth of anteroneural, midneural, posteroneural, otic, optic, respiratory, masticatory and alveolar cranial components was analysed in human skulls of individuals aged 0-20 years and in an adult reference skull. Volumetric indices were calculated to estimate size. Two subsamples were selected in order to focus on the transition between deciduous and permanent dentition: those with full deciduous dentition and before M1 reaches the occlusal plane; and those who present M1 in full emergence and no other cheek-tooth at the occlusal plane. The principal results were as follows. (1) Trajectories fitted using the whole sample are characterized by an inflection point that takes place before M1 emergence for neural components and around M1 emergence for facial components. (2) Associations between growth and age tend to be strong in those with full deciduous dentition, and weak in those who present M1 in full emergence. (3) Individuals who present M1 in full emergence are larger than those with full deciduous dentition. (4) Growth of components linked to the central nervous system is not linear until M1 emergence. Individuals who present M1 in full emergence are only larger than individuals with full deciduous dentition by 4-5% of adult size. (5) The alveolar component does not show increments between full deciduous dentition and M1 emergence. (6) When volumetric indices were standardized by age, the growth trajectories of individuals with full deciduous dentition and of those with M1 were not decoupled. In general terms, M1 emergence does not show a strong association with growth of the components that may explain differences in life histories. However, the main changes in neural and alveolar components occur in the first 3 years of life, which may be developmentally connected with M1 crown formation.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Evolución de los homínidos: el cambio ideológico del milenio

Aunque variados hayan sido los tipos de estudio, durante el siglo XX la paleoantropología fue gobernada básicamente por dos paradigmas. En la primera mitad, el fraude de Piltdown sirvió de parámetro para dictar qué fósiles podían ser ancestros del hombre. En la segunda mitad, los avances tecnológicos y las nuevas disciplinas fueron orientados a esclarecer antiguos interrogantes: la sistemática y la filogénesis de los homínidos. Los hallazgos y descripciones realizados en los últimos años han ampliado drásticamente el número de especies fósiles produciendo un verdadero cambio en nuestro concepto sobre la relación filogenética de los homínidos fósiles. Tal vez la confirmación que especies de hombre fósil se hallan extinguido sin dejar descendencia sea el punto mas sobresaliente de esta nueva concepción. Sin embargo, el cambio fundamental en la paleoantropología no proviene de una sistemática mas compleja, sino de una nueva búsqueda que trata de establecer cómo se produjo la evolución. En los últimos diez años, nuevos tipos de estudio han ido ocupando un rol cada vez mas importante definiendo un nuevo paradigma. El Evolutionary Development (Evo-Devo) y la Evolutionary Biology (Evo-Bio) aportan una nueva mirada al estudio de los homínidos y a su evolución. Poniendo el acento en los procesos biológicos y en el desarrollo, conducen irremediablemente a une redefinición total del objeto de estudio. El interés por determinar la life-history de las especies actuales considerando su modificación como un proceso evolutivo (probables heterocronías) hace que estos campos de estudio aporten una visión dinámica de la evolución de los homínidos.Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA

Evolución de los homínidos: el cambio ideológico del milenio

Aunque variados hayan sido los tipos de estudio, durante el siglo XX la paleoantropología fue gobernada básicamente por dos paradigmas. En la primera mitad, el fraude de Piltdown sirvió de parámetro para dictar qué fósiles podían ser ancestros del hombre. En la segunda mitad, los avances tecnológicos y las nuevas disciplinas fueron orientados a esclarecer antiguos interrogantes: la sistemática y la filogénesis de los homínidos. Los hallazgos y descripciones realizados en los últimos años han ampliado drásticamente el número de especies fósiles produciendo un verdadero cambio en nuestro concepto sobre la relación filogenética de los homínidos fósiles. Tal vez la confirmación que especies de hombre fósil se hallan extinguido sin dejar descendencia sea el punto mas sobresaliente de esta nueva concepción. Sin embargo, el cambio fundamental en la paleoantropología no proviene de una sistemática mas compleja, sino de una nueva búsqueda que trata de establecer cómo se produjo la evolución. En los últimos diez años, nuevos tipos de estudio han ido ocupando un rol cada vez mas importante definiendo un nuevo paradigma. El Evolutionary Development (Evo-Devo) y la Evolutionary Biology (Evo-Bio) aportan una nueva mirada al estudio de los homínidos y a su evolución. Poniendo el acento en los procesos biológicos y en el desarrollo, conducen irremediablemente a une redefinición total del objeto de estudio. El interés por determinar la life-history de las especies actuales considerando su modificación como un proceso evolutivo (probables heterocronías) hace que estos campos de estudio aporten una visión dinámica de la evolución de los homínidos.Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA

Dents de la grotte del Humo (Malaga, Espagne) : Néandertaliens ou Sapiens ?

Pendant la période de transition entre le Paléolithique moyen et le Paléolithique récent, il est probable que Homo neanderthalensis et Homo sapiens aient cohabité pendant près de 10000 ans en Europe. La Grotte del Humo est située sur le territoire de la commune de Malaga (Espagne), au sud de la péninsule Ibérique. Il s’agit d’une des dernières régions occupées par les Néandertaliens avant leur extinction. Cette grotte contient de nombreux outils lithiques rapportés au Moustérien. L’abri 3 do..