El papel de la nanotecnología en las ciencias de la salud

La nanotecnología es un campo de las ciencias aplicadas dedicado al diseño, síntesis, caracterización y aplicación de materiales y dispositivos en una escala nanométrica de 1 a 100 nm [1]. Una de las aplicaciones de la nanotecnología con más importancia en el mercado es el de la medicina, debido a que permite el abordaje de las enfermedades desde el interior del organismo lo que en un futuro podría mejorar el conocimiento de las vías de regulación y señalización que dirigen el comportamiento de las células; tanto normales como transformadas [2]. En la actualidad existen una gran variedad de nanomateriales que se encuentran tanto circulando en el mercado como aún en proceso de investigación e incluso algunos de los que ya se encuentran en el mercado son investigados con el fin de ampliar sus aplicaciones. En el campo de la nanomedicina los materiales diseñados tienen aplicaciones en prevención, diagnóstico y terapia en técnicas como mapeo genético, descubrimiento de nuevos fármacos con mayor precisión de actuar en el sitio activo e incluso dispositivos de uso quirúrgico que han mejorado en gran medida el tratamiento de enfermedades. Nanomedicina: aspectos generales de un futuro promisorio es un artículo escrito por Duani Blanco Bea y colaboradores (2011), en el que se lleva a cabo una revisión de la bibliografía disponible acerca de las aplicaciones médicas de la nanotecnología y en el que se destacan, entre otros nanodispositivos, aquellos con aplicaciones en oftalmología los cuales tienen grandes esperanzas para la nanotecnología por las características del objeto de estudio [3]. Si bien la nanotecnología es una ciencia relativamente joven, el valor y la importancia que sus estudios han alcanzado en diversas disciplinas de todos los campos la colocan en uno de los roles más prometedores debido a que, aunque haya nacido hace poco más de una década, los dispositivos y materiales desarrollados bajo su metodología se encuentran ya revolucionando el mundo de la ciencia en todas sus aplicaciones y en medicina tiene uno de los futuros más esperanzadores para el tratamiento de un gran número de enfermedades

Accounting for preemption and migration costs in the calculation of hard real-time cyclic executives for MPSoCs

This work introduces a methodology to consider preemption and migration overhead in hard real-time cyclic executives on multicore architectures. The approach performs two iterative stages. The first stage takes a cyclic executive, from which the number and timing of all preemptions and migrations for every task is known. Then, it includes this overhead by updating the worst-case execution time (WCET) of the tasks. The second stage calculates a new cyclic executive considering the new WCET of tasks. The stages iterate until the preemption and migration overhead keeps constant. © 2016 IEEE

Colorado River Irrigation District

Presented at SCADA and related technologies for irrigation district modernization: a USCID water management conference on October 26-29, 2005 in Vancouver, Washington.Includes bibliographical references.The Colorado River Irrigation District is the last irrigation district and water user on the Colorado River. It obtains 80% of the allocated volume to the district from the Colorado River. The inflow to the district presents fluctuations. The first 27 km of the mail canal are used as buffer reservoir. Between 2002 and 2004 to improve water management, the National Water Commission, Mexican federal agency responsible of water reclamation, installed a remote monitoring system for the head control structures. The system was integrated around MODBUS as communication protocol, Lookout from National Instruments as man machine interface, SCADAPack from Control Microsystems as remote terminal units, "The Probe" from Milltronics as level sensors, Transpak potentiometer transmitters for gate opening and MDS 4710 and 4910 radios from Microwave Data Systems for communication. The remote monitoring system installed was complemented with the remote operation of one control structures. The system starts operation on February of 2005. The remote monitoring system reduces the time required to know, to quantify and to correct the flow and level fluctuations present on the head control structures

Aplicación Móvil Para Notificar El Control De Medicamentos De Untratamiento Médico

This article presents the development of a mobile application aimed at notifying a patient about the schedules for taking their medical treatment. The intention is for this application to be useful for elderly individuals, caregivers of sick people, as well as anyone who undergoes constant medical treatment. That is why the graphical interface created is intuitive for the user. Upon opening the mobile application, a screen is displayed where, as a first step, the name of the medication is requested. Subsequently, the date and time when the medication will be taken must be entered, and this data is stored and can be viewed at the bottom. The use of this application will facilitate the proper management of a patient's medical treatment.El presente articulo muestra el desarrollo de una aplicación móvil, el cual tiene como objetivo notificar a un paciente sobre los horarios que debe de tomar su tratamiento medico. Se pretende que dicha aplicación sea util para personas de la tercera edad, cuidadores de personas enfermas, así como tambien cualquier persona que lleve un tratamiento medico constante, es por esto que la interfaz grafica creada es intuitiva para el usuario. Al abrir la aplicación móvil se muestra una pantalla en donde como primera instancia se solicita el nombre del medicamento, posteriormente se tendrá que capturar la fecha y hora que tomará su medicamento, estos datos se almacenan y se podrá visualizar en la parte inferior. El uso de esta aplicación facilitará llevar el tratamiento médico adecuado de un paciente

Significance of Susceptible Gene Expression Profiles in Nasal Polyposis

Nasal polyposis (NP) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the rhinosinus mucosa and a complex disease with strong genetic and environmental components. During the past 10 to 20 yr, many studies have been performed to determine differential gene expression profiles between NP and normal nasal tissues, in order to identify susceptible genes that are associated with NP-related traits. Despite achievement in the identification of candidate genes and their associated pathogenic pathways, the large challenges remain as the genetic and molecular alterations required for its development and progression are still unclear. Therefore, the development of novel, powerful tools for gene discovery, and a closer integration of genetics and medical biology would provide valuable insight into the pathogenesis of NP

Selection of the silicon sensor thickness for the Phase-2 upgrade of the CMS Outer Tracker

During the operation of the CMS experiment at the High-Luminosity LHC the silicon sensors of the Phase-2 Outer Tracker will be exposed to radiation levels that could potentially deteriorate their performance. Previous studies had determined that planar float zone silicon with n-doped strips on a p-doped substrate was preferred over p-doped strips on an n-doped substrate. The last step in evaluating the optimal design for the mass production of about 200 m$^{2}$ of silicon sensors was to compare sensors of baseline thickness (about 300 μm) to thinned sensors (about 240 μm), which promised several benefits at high radiation levels because of the higher electric fields at the same bias voltage. This study provides a direct comparison of these two thicknesses in terms of sensor characteristics as well as charge collection and hit efficiency for fluences up to 1.5 × 10$^{15}$ n$_{eq}$/cm$^{2}$. The measurement results demonstrate that sensors with about 300 μm thickness will ensure excellent tracking performance even at the highest considered fluence levels expected for the Phase-2 Outer Tracker

Comparative evaluation of analogue front-end designs for the CMS Inner Tracker at the High Luminosity LHC

The CMS Inner Tracker, made of silicon pixel modules, will be entirely replaced prior to the start of the High Luminosity LHC period. One of the crucial components of the new Inner Tracker system is the readout chip, being developed by the RD53 Collaboration, and in particular its analogue front-end, which receives the signal from the sensor and digitizes it. Three different analogue front-ends (Synchronous, Linear, and Differential) were designed and implemented in the RD53A demonstrator chip. A dedicated evaluation program was carried out to select the most suitable design to build a radiation tolerant pixel detector able to sustain high particle rates with high efficiency and a small fraction of spurious pixel hits. The test results showed that all three analogue front-ends presented strong points, but also limitations. The Differential front-end demonstrated very low noise, but the threshold tuning became problematic after irradiation. Moreover, a saturation in the preamplifier feedback loop affected the return of the signal to baseline and thus increased the dead time. The Synchronous front-end showed very good timing performance, but also higher noise. For the Linear front-end all of the parameters were within specification, although this design had the largest time walk. This limitation was addressed and mitigated in an improved design. The analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the three front-ends in the context of the CMS Inner Tracker operation requirements led to the selection of the improved design Linear front-end for integration in the final CMS readout chip

Test beam performance of a CBC3-based mini-module for the Phase-2 CMS Outer Tracker before and after neutron irradiation

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will undergo major upgrades to increase the instantaneous luminosity up to 5–7.5×10$^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. This High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) will deliver a total of 3000–4000 fb-1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13–14 TeV. To cope with these challenging environmental conditions, the strip tracker of the CMS experiment will be upgraded using modules with two closely-spaced silicon sensors to provide information to include tracking in the Level-1 trigger selection. This paper describes the performance, in a test beam experiment, of the first prototype module based on the final version of the CMS Binary Chip front-end ASIC before and after the module was irradiated with neutrons. Results demonstrate that the prototype module satisfies the requirements, providing efficient tracking information, after being irradiated with a total fluence comparable to the one expected through the lifetime of the experiment

Measurement of the Drell-Yan forward-backward asymmetry at high dilepton masses in proton-proton collisions at s \sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

A measurement of the forward-backward asymmetry of pairs of oppositely charged leptons (dimuons and dielectrons) produced by the Drell-Yan process in proton-proton collisions is presented. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1 collected with the CMS detector at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The asymmetry is measured as a function of lepton pair mass for masses larger than 170 GeV and compared with standard model predictions. An inclusive measurement across both channels and the full mass range yields an asymmetry of 0.612 ± 0.005 (stat) ± 0.007 (syst). As a test of lepton flavor universality, the difference between the dimuon and dielectron asymmetries is measured as well. No statistically significant deviations from standard model predictions are observed. The measurements are used to set limits on the presence of additional gauge bosons. For a Z′ boson in the sequential standard model the observed (expected) 95% confidence level lower limit on the Z′ mass is 4.4 TeV (3.7 TeV)

Search for supersymmetry in final states with two or three soft leptons and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

A search for supersymmetry in events with two or three low-momentum leptons and missing transverse momentum is performed. The search uses proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV collected in the three-year period 2016–2018 by the CMS experiment at the LHC and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 137 fb$^{-1}$. The data are found to be in agreement with expectations from standard model processes. The results are interpreted in terms of electroweakino and top squark pair production with a small mass difference between the produced supersymmetric particles and the lightest neutralino. For the electroweakino interpretation, two simplified models are used, a wino-bino model and a higgsino model. Exclusion limits at 95% confidence level are set on $_{X2/X1}^{~0 ~+-}$ masses up to 275 GeV for a mass difference of 10 GeV in the wino-bino case, and up to 205(150) GeV for a mass difference of 7.5 (3) GeV in the higgsino case. The results for the higgsino are further interpreted using a phenomenological minimal supersymmetric standard model, excluding the higgsino mass parameter μ up to 180 GeV with the bino mass parameter M1 at 800 GeV. In the top squark interpretation, exclusion limits are set at top squark masses up to 540 GeV for four-body top squark decays and up to 480 GeV for chargino-mediated decays with a mass difference of 30 GeV