Historical Overview of Latinos and Planning in the Southwest: 1900 to the Present

The historical experience of Latino communities is marked by segregation, poverty, and discrimination. Through a critical understanding of the effects of cultural, economic, and governance processes on urbanization patterns, placemakers start to reverse these effects in the contemporary moment. This chapter presents an account of the challenges, opportunities, and agents of change in the three historical periods of pre-Second World War, post-war, and in contemporary Latino communities, with a focus on Mexican Americans in the US Southwest. As with black communities in the South, for decades urban planning facilitated the segregationist management of Latino neighborhoods and proceeded unabated through the control of land use, discriminatory practices, and resistance to Latino social mobility. Latinos over the years have been victims of the “barrioization” of their communities: the effect of policies and processes of domination by the mainstream non-Latino white society resulting in the formation of residentially and socially segregated Latino neighborhoods. Communities fought back through grassroots movements that created local civic institutions—such as community development corporations—that have been instrumental in resisting marginalization and subordination, and critical in refocusing and channeling policy to the specific needs of neighborhoods. To resist barrioization, Latino communities have engaged in “barriological” practices that recreate and re-imagine “dominant urban space as community-enabling place.”4 In other words, through a variety of tactics—many of them informal—and social actions, Latinos have reclaimed spaces that at best were insensitive to their cultural needs, and at worst, were designed to disenfranchise

Design guidelines for wieldier discretionary review: evidence from Portland

The use of design guidelines in development control continues to be popular, especially when regulators seek to limit the scope of discretionary latitude. However, the question of how a guidelines framework can be designed to suit the time-constrained and deliberative nature of review hearings remains unaddressed. Using evidence from Portland, this study concludes that boards and staff work around these difficulties by using guidelines in combination, and in so doing almost always undermine their intent. The paper suggests how predefined roadmaps to articulate and combine guideline use can make the process wieldier. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Latino Communities in the United States: Place-Making in the Pre-World War II, Postwar, and Contemporary City

Scholarship on Latino communities in the United States has yet to catch up with the rapid growth of this ethnic population in the country. Understanding the Latino urban experience and developing plans to better respond to both the needs of Latino communities and their integration within society is not only relevant, but also urgently necessary. Using the city of Los Angeles as a main lens, in addition to a general look at the urban Southwest, we contribute to the scholarship on the subject with a review of literature on Latino communities. We structure the review as an assessment of the various challenges and opportunities for urban Latinos in the pre-war, postwar, and contemporary city. Focusing on space, culture, economy, and governance, we chart the various roles both the private and public sectors play in meeting these challenges. Our reading of the literature shows that particular government actions in the economic and governance domains in the past had positive impacts on Latino integration, and we call for a similar effort today in addressing contemporary challenges. We conclude by suggesting that future planning scholarship on Latino communities engage the wider urban studies literature, focus on emerging forms of urbanization, and call on planners to sustain increased academic and practical interest in the topic

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Discourse, institutional identities and intractable planning disputes: The case of Interstate I-710

This article argues that parties to planning disputes assume policy positions in concordance with institutional identities that are informed by reigning planning discourses. Building on the work of Kenneth Burke and its advancement through the perspective of positionality in socio-linguistics, a case study of the dispute around the completion of highway I-710 through South Pasadena, California, is used to illustrate how the potential for intractability increases when discourses are mutually reinforcing of a particular positionality. However, avenues to reconciliation can be found in exploiting constructive dispositions suggested by particular discourses in contingent discursive settings. The article ends by reinforcing that policy-makers pay increased attention to the discursive context of planning disputes. </jats:p

Approche d'assistance aux auteurs pour la réutilisation d'objets d'apprentissage

This thesis is situated in the e-learning domain and in the context of the authoring of educative content (composed learning objects) by reuse of learning objects. This approach is supported by many models like SCORM or SIMBAD. Using such as approach by authors still difficult due to the complexity of the composition process influencing the quality of the content especially from a pedagogical point of view. We propose in our research works an author assistance approach with a set of analysis tools which offer best understanding of the true nature of the composed learning object and its degree of conformity to the author, the model and the use context requirements. Analyses are applied to the learning object’s content, educative metadata and composition structure. The goal is to generate a learning object’s detailed cartography. Automatic generated indicators reveal details about the different facets of the composed learning object especially the system view and the learner view. If the analysis is satisfactory additional metadata are then automatically calculated by the tools based on the reused learning objects’ metadata. The learning object’s composition can be guided by some conformity rules. Those rules can cover intended structural and semantic criterion. Our approach offers a support to promote the reuse of learning objects in an effective manner. It provides theoretical and practical elements allowing authors to control the “authoring by reuse” process. Consequently our approach allows authors to produce high quality composed learning objects.Cette thèse se situe dans le domaine de la création de contenus pédagogiques par une approche basée sur une structuration à base d’objets d’apprentissage et leur réutilisation au sein d’objets plus complexes. Les modèles récents d’objets pédagogiques comme SCORM ou SIMBAD permettent aux auteurs de construire de nouveaux objets par assemblage d’objets existants. La difficulté pour les auteurs est de concevoir de tels objets en maitrisant la complexité de la composition et en pouvant garantir un haut niveau de qualité, y compris pédagogique. Nous proposons dans ce travail une approche d’assistance aux auteurs basée sur un ensemble d’outils d’analyse permettant de mieux qualifier l’objet composé et d’en vérifier la conformité. Ces analyses portent tant sur le contenu de l’objet, ses métadonnées notamment celles issues de la norme LOM, que sur la structure de composition elle-même. L’objectif est de générer une cartographie détaillée sur l’objet en question. Il s’agit d’offrir à l’auteur des indicateurs divers et variés qui vont lui permettre d’avoir une meilleur vue sur les différentes facettes de l’objet d’apprentissage en cours de conception. En particulier, il aura une analyse de la vue système et de la vue apprenant. Une fois que l’analyse est satisfaisante, des métadonnées complémentaires sont calculées automatiquement par notre environnement en se basant sur les métadonnées éducatives des objets utilisés dans la composition de l’objet. La composition d’un objet peut être guidée par des règles de conformité. Celles-ci permettent de décrire certains critères structurels et sémantiques recherchés. Cette approche offre ainsi un moyen pour la promotion de la réutilisation des objets d’apprentissage. Elle offre le support théorique et les éléments pratiques permettent de rendre la composition par réutilisation pleinement sous contrôle de l’auteur et capable de produire par conséquence des objets d’apprentissage respectant des critères de qualité

Authors assistance approach for the reuse of learning objects

Cette thèse se situe dans le domaine de la création de contenus pédagogiques par une approche basée sur une structuration à base d’objets d’apprentissage et leur réutilisation au sein d’objets plus complexes. Les modèles récents d’objets pédagogiques comme SCORM ou SIMBAD permettent aux auteurs de construire de nouveaux objets par assemblage d’objets existants. La difficulté pour les auteurs est de concevoir de tels objets en maitrisant la complexité de la composition et en pouvant garantir un haut niveau de qualité, y compris pédagogique. Nous proposons dans ce travail une approche d’assistance aux auteurs basée sur un ensemble d’outils d’analyse permettant de mieux qualifier l’objet composé et d’en vérifier la conformité. Ces analyses portent tant sur le contenu de l’objet, ses métadonnées notamment celles issues de la norme LOM, que sur la structure de composition elle-même. L’objectif est de générer une cartographie détaillée sur l’objet en question. Il s’agit d’offrir à l’auteur des indicateurs divers et variés qui vont lui permettre d’avoir une meilleur vue sur les différentes facettes de l’objet d’apprentissage en cours de conception. En particulier, il aura une analyse de la vue système et de la vue apprenant. Une fois que l’analyse est satisfaisante, des métadonnées complémentaires sont calculées automatiquement par notre environnement en se basant sur les métadonnées éducatives des objets utilisés dans la composition de l’objet. La composition d’un objet peut être guidée par des règles de conformité. Celles-ci permettent de décrire certains critères structurels et sémantiques recherchés. Cette approche offre ainsi un moyen pour la promotion de la réutilisation des objets d’apprentissage. Elle offre le support théorique et les éléments pratiques permettent de rendre la composition par réutilisation pleinement sous contrôle de l’auteur et capable de produire par conséquence des objets d’apprentissage respectant des critères de qualité.This thesis is situated in the e-learning domain and in the context of the authoring of educative content (composed learning objects) by reuse of learning objects. This approach is supported by many models like SCORM or SIMBAD. Using such as approach by authors still difficult due to the complexity of the composition process influencing the quality of the content especially from a pedagogical point of view. We propose in our research works an author assistance approach with a set of analysis tools which offer best understanding of the true nature of the composed learning object and its degree of conformity to the author, the model and the use context requirements. Analyses are applied to the learning object’s content, educative metadata and composition structure. The goal is to generate a learning object’s detailed cartography. Automatic generated indicators reveal details about the different facets of the composed learning object especially the system view and the learner view. If the analysis is satisfactory additional metadata are then automatically calculated by the tools based on the reused learning objects’ metadata. The learning object’s composition can be guided by some conformity rules. Those rules can cover intended structural and semantic criterion. Our approach offers a support to promote the reuse of learning objects in an effective manner. It provides theoretical and practical elements allowing authors to control the “authoring by reuse” process. Consequently our approach allows authors to produce high quality composed learning objects

Progressive planning, biased discourse, and critique: An agentic perspective

Progressive theorists and reflective practitioners have exhorted agents to renounce exploitative planning discourses. This repudiation can, however, only be successful if the agent’s own investment in biased discourses is accounted for. Reflecting on the work of Jon Elster, John Thompson, and Raymond Geuss, it is argued that the progressive planner should direct agents toward an acknowledgement of the motives compelling them to become invested in biased discourse, and how these discourses satisfy these motives by capitalizing on the trappings of habitual modes of reasoning and thriving on the ambiguity of referents. The value of this perspective is illustrated in an analysis of neoliberalism as a contemporary hegemonic discourse. It is discussed how popular anxieties about social mobility and community power motivate the investment in discourses characterized by a thesis of the inevitability of neoliberal restructuring and associations with narratives on entrepreneurialism, multiculturalism, and self-help. </jats:p