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Korean language journalThe purpose of this study was to examine for the deference of leisure activities attitude compared with Korean and America university students' characteristics of leisure activities attitude in subcategory factors of leisure activities attitude include recognitive attitude, definitive attitude, behavioral attitude. 241 M,H,Y university students in Korea and 143 North Carolina N university students are responded survey for this study from 2007, May to August. The collected data based of survey are analyzed through frequency analysis, t- test, one-way ANOV A analysis by SPSS WIN ver 12.0. The result is following : First, there were statistical difference of leisure activities attitude in behavioral attitude between Korean students and America students. Second, there were statistical difference shows difference grade sector, own major, personal expenses in recognitive attitude. Third, the statistical difference shows grade sector, personal expenses in definitive attitude. Forth, the statistical difference shows grade sector, own major and personal expenses in of behavioral attitude

Evolution of optical phonons in CdS nanowires, nanobelts, and nanosheets

We report Raman scattering from single and ensemble CdS nanowires, nanobelts, and nanosheets. The Raman spectra of nanobelts and nanosheets are notably different from those of nanowires, exhibiting a strong enhancement of the multiphonon response. Moreover, the first-order longitudinal optical (LO) phonon energy systematically increases with increasing lateral size from nanowires to nanobelts, and to nanosheets. These results suggest that the optical phonons in the CdS nanostructures are influenced by strain, crystallinity, and exciton-LO phonon coupling.open342

Solvothermal synthesis of SnO2/graphene nanocomposites for supercapacitor application

A facile solvent-based synthesis route based on the oxidation–reduction reaction between graphene oxide (GO) and SnCl2·2H2O has been developed to synthesize SnO2/graphene (SnO2/G) nanocomposites. The reduction of GO and the in situ formation of SnO2 nanoparticles were achieved in one step. Characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) confirmed the feasibility of using the solvothermally treated reaction system to simultaneously reduce GO and form SnO2 nanoparticles with an average particle size of 10 nm. The electrochemical performance of SnO2/graphene showed an excellent specific capacitance of 363.3 F/g, which was five-fold higher than that of the as-synthesized graphene (68.4 F/g). The contributing factors were the synergistic effects of the excellent conductivity of graphene and the nanosized SnO2 particles

A Review of the Family of Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithms: Recent Advances and Applications

The Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm (AFSA) is inspired by the ecological behaviors of fish schooling in nature, viz., the preying, swarming, following and random behaviors. Owing to a number of salient properties, which include flexibility, fast convergence, and insensitivity to the initial parameter settings, the family of AFSA has emerged as an effective Swarm Intelligence (SI) methodology that has been widely applied to solve real-world optimization problems. Since its introduction in 2002, many improved and hybrid AFSA models have been developed to tackle continuous, binary, and combinatorial optimization problems. This paper aims to present a concise review of the family of AFSA, encompassing the original ASFA and its improvements, continuous, binary, discrete, and hybrid models, as well as the associated applications. A comprehensive survey on the AFSA from its introduction to 2012 can be found in [1]. As such, we focus on a total of {\color{blue}123} articles published in high-quality journals since 2013. We also discuss possible AFSA enhancements and highlight future research directions for the family of AFSA-based models.Comment: 37 pages, 3 figure

Probabilistic reasoning with a bayesian DNA device based on strand displacement

We present a computing model based on the DNA strand displacement technique which performs Bayesian inference. The model will take single stranded DNA as input data, representing the presence or absence of a specific molecular signal (evidence). The program logic encodes the prior probability of a disease and the conditional probability of a signal given the disease playing with a set of different DNA complexes and their ratios. When the input and program molecules interact, they release a different pair of single stranded DNA species whose relative proportion represents the application of Bayes? Law: the conditional probability of the disease given the signal. The models presented in this paper can empower the application of probabilistic reasoning in genetic diagnosis in vitro

Class Iii Skeletal Base In Malay Population: Characterisation Of Skeletal Phenotypes And Association With Familial Inheritance

Class III skeletal discrepancy results from the disproportionate growth of the maxilla and mandible. Dentofacial skeletal features vary significantly between different ethnicities and Class III malocclusions, which are difficult to treat, were highly prevalent in Malaysians compared to other races. In the Malay population, the skeletal phenotypes of Class III skeletal base have never been investigated. Therefore, the general objective of this study was to investigate and characterise the different Class III skeletal phenotypes in a racially homogenous adult Malay population and determine their association with familial inheritance. This study also sought to determine the prevalence of Class I, Class II and Class III skeletal base among Malay patients attending the Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI) orthodontic clinic, determine the precursor for genetic analysis using multivariate reduction method and ascertain the proportion of familial occurrence of Class III skeletal base

Over-expression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3b protein induces both apoptosis and necrosis in Vero E6 cells

The genome of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus encodes for eight accessory viral proteins with no known homologues in other coronaviruses. One of these is the 3b protein, which is encoded by the second open reading frame in subgenomic RNA 3 and contains 154 amino acids. Here, a detailed time-course study was performed to compare the apoptosis and necrosis profiles induced by full-length 3b, a 3b mutant that was deleted by 30 amino acids from the C terminus (3b 124-154) and the classical apoptosis inducer, Bax. Our results showed that Vero E6 cells transfected with a construct for expressing 3b underwent necrosis as early as 6 h after transfection and underwent simultaneous necrosis and apoptosis at later time-points. At all the time-points analysed, the apoptosis induced by the expression of 3b was less than the level induced by Bax but the level of necrosis was comparable. The 3b 124-154 mutant behaves in a similar manner indicating that the localization of the 3b protein does not seems to be important for the cell-death pathways since full-length 3b is localized predominantly to the nucleolus, while the mutant is found to be concentrated in the peri-nuclear regions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the induction of necrosis by a SARS-CoV protein.IS