Animal anesthesia : the race to recovery

Animal anesthesiology is long-lived science that was first recorded in ancient writings. The methods of use have transformed throughout history, but the principle goal of alleviating pain in order to treat and save an animal's life has never changed. This versatile branch of science allows for veterinarians and professional personnel to care for their patients to the best of their abilities while in a safe environment. I investigated the required preparations, medications, and the proper protocol that are essential when using anesthesia, then compared and contrasted these topics with small animal anesthesia to equine anesthesia. My research greatly increased my knowledge that will benefit my career as a veterinarian.Honors CollegeThesis (B.?

Cell aging preserves cellular immortality in the presence of lethal levels of damage.

Cellular aging, a progressive functional decline driven by damage accumulation, often culminates in the mortality of a cell lineage. Certain lineages, however, are able to sustain long-lasting immortality, as prominently exemplified by stem cells. Here, we show that Escherichia coli cell lineages exhibit comparable patterns of mortality and immortality. Through single-cell microscopy and microfluidic techniques, we find that these patterns are explained by the dynamics of damage accumulation and asymmetric partitioning between daughter cells. At low damage accumulation rates, both aging and rejuvenating lineages retain immortality by reaching their respective states of physiological equilibrium. We show that both asymmetry and equilibrium are present in repair mutants lacking certain repair chaperones, suggesting that intact repair capacity is not essential for immortal proliferation. We show that this growth equilibrium, however, is displaced by extrinsic damage in a dosage-dependent response. Moreover, we demonstrate that aging lineages become mortal when damage accumulation rates surpass a threshold, whereas rejuvenating lineages within the same population remain immortal. Thus, the processes of damage accumulation and partitioning through asymmetric cell division are essential in the determination of proliferative mortality and immortality in bacterial populations. This study provides further evidence for the characterization of cellular aging as a general process, affecting prokaryotes and eukaryotes alike and according to similar evolutionary constraints

H\"older Regularity For Integro-Differential Equations With Nonlinear Directional Dependence

We prove H\"older regularity results for a class of nonlinear elliptic integro-differential operators with integration kernels whose ellipticity bounds are strongly directionally dependent. These results extend those in [9] and are also uniform as the order of operators approaches 2

Interaction between functional domains of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins

Interactions among the three structural domains of Bacillus 1huringiensis Cn.l toxins %~ere investigated by functional analysis of chinieric proteins. Hybrid genes were prepared by exchanging the regions coding for either domain 1 or domain III among CrylAb, Cn,lAc, CrylC, and CrylE. The activity of the purified trypsinactivated chimeric toxins was evaluiated by testing their effects on the viability and plasma membrane permeability of Sf9 cells. Among the parental toxins, only CrylC was active against these cells and only chimeras possessing domain II from CrylC were functional. Combination of domain 1 from CrylE Niith domains Il and III from CrylC, however, resulted in an inactive toxin, indicating that domain II from an active toxin is necessary, but not sufficient, for activity. Pores formed by chimeric toxins in which domain I was frorn Cr31M or CrylAc were slightly smaller than those formed by toxins in which domain I was from CrylC. The properties of the pores formed by the chimeras are therefore likely to result froin an interaction between domain I and domain II or 111. Domain III appears to modulate the activity of the chimeric toxins: combination of domain 111 from CrylAb with domains 1 and II of CrylC gave a protein which was more strongly active than CrylC. (Résumé d'auteur

Age structure landscapes emerge from the equilibrium between aging and rejuvenation in bacterial populations.

The physiological asymmetry between daughters of a mother bacterium is produced by the inheritance of either old poles, carrying non-genetic damage, or newly synthesized poles. However, as bacteria display long-term growth stability leading to physiological immortality, there is controversy on whether asymmetry corresponds to aging. Here we show that deterministic age structure landscapes emerge from physiologically immortal bacterial lineages. Through single-cell microscopy and microfluidic techniques, we demonstrate that aging and rejuvenating bacterial lineages reach two distinct states of growth equilibria. These equilibria display stabilizing properties, which we quantified according to the compensatory trajectories of continuous lineages throughout generations. Finally, we show that the physiological asymmetry between aging and rejuvenating lineages produces complex age structure landscapes, resulting in a deterministic phenotypic heterogeneity that is neither an artifact of starvation nor a product of extrinsic damage. These findings indicate that physiological immortality and cellular aging can both be manifested in single celled organisms

Development of Bacillus thuringiensis CryIC resistance by Spodoptera exigua (Huebner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Selection of resistance in Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) to an HD-1 spore-crystal mixture, CryIC (HD-133) inclusion bodies, and trypsinized toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis' subsp, aizawai and B. thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus was attempted by using laboratory bioassays. No resistance to the HD-1 spore-crystal mixture could be achieved after 20 generations of selection. Significant levels of resistance (11-fold) to CryIC inclusion bodies expressed in Escherichia coli were observed after seven generations, Subsequent selection of the CryIC-resistant population with trypsinized CryIC toxin resulted, after 21 generations of CryIC selection, in a population of S. exigua that exhibited only 8% mortality at the highest toxin concentration tested (320 mu g/g), whereas the 50% lethal concentration was 4.30 mu g/g for the susceptible colony. Insects resistant to CryIC toxin from HD-133 also were resistant to trypsinized CryIA(b), CryIC from B. thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus, CryIE-CryIC fusion protein (G27), CryIH, and CryIIA. In vitro binding experiments with brush border membrane vesicles showed a twofold decrease in maximum CryIC binding, a fivefold difference in K-d, and no difference in the concentration of binding sites for the CryIC-resistant insects compared with those for the susceptible insects, Resistance to CryIC was significantly reduced by the addition of HD-1 spores, Resistance to the CryIC toxin was still observed 12 generations after CryIC selection was removed. These results suggest that, in S. exigua, resistance to a single protein is more likely to occur than resistance to spore crystal mixtures and that once resistance occurs, insects will be resistant to many other Cry proteins, These results have important implications for devising S. exigua resistance management strategies in the field

Determination of electric field, magnetic field, and electric current distributions of infrared optical antennas: A nano-optical vector network analyzer

In addition to the electric field E(r), the associated magnetic field H(r) and current density J(r) characterize any electromagnetic device, providing insight into antenna coupling and mutual impedance. We demonstrate the optical analogue of the radio frequency vector network analyzer implemented in interferometric homodyne scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) for obtaining E(r), H(r), and J(r). The approach is generally applicable and demonstrated for the case of a linear coupled-dipole antenna in the mid-infrared. The determination of the underlying 3D vector electric near-field distribution E(r) with nanometer spatial resolution and full phase and amplitude information is enabled by the design of probe tips with selectivity with respect to E-parallel and E-perpendicular fabricated by focused ion-beam milling and nano-CVD