EFFECTIVENESS OF NEW CHEMISTRY INSECTICIDES AGAINST BACTROCERA ZONATA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Fruit fly is quarantine pest so infested fruit and vegetables restricted to export. Citrus fruit is important fruit crop in Pakistan which exports to other countries. Large numbers of insect pest are attacked to Citrus fruit in which fruit fly is one of most major pests now days in Pakistan. Fruit fly has short life cycle, high fecundity, and wide host ranges that why difficult to control. The present study was carried to check the efficacy of new chemistry insecticides against Bactrocera zonata and their behavior in Citrus fruits. Fruit fly was collected from different fruit orchards and brought them into the laboratory. Fruit fly colony was maintained in the plastic jars to developed large population which need in the bioassay study. To check the efficacy of new chemistry insecticides, bottle and leaf dip method was used. Result demonstrated that maximum percentage mortality (50.00±2.88, 53.33±4.40 and 60.00±2.88) was recorded in trichlorfon treated bottle with 16 ppm concentration n after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h exposure of insecticides, respectively. Trichlorfon was the most effective insecticide to control fruit fly in both bottle and leaf dip method at 16 ppm dose while Emmamectin benzoate and spinosad were also effective as compared to others. Feedings behavior was more affected by trichlorfon treated plants as compared to remaining. Hence, it can be concluded that trichlorfon was efficient insecticides to control fruit fly in Citrus

Dengue Fever: A General Perspective

Dengue Fever or commonly known as Dengue, a mosquito-borne arboviral infection has emerged as havoc around the globe. Annually, about 50 million infections are reported, resulting in 22,000 deaths and almost 2.5 billion people are reported living at risk. Dengue infection is caused by Dengue Virus (DENV), which is a member of genus Flavivirus and comprised of ten proteins; three proteins, capsid (C), membrane (M), and envelope (E), play structural role and seven are identified as non-structural that direct DENV replication. Four distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 are transmitted via Aedes mosquitoes. Clinically, Dengue patients can be categorized into three groups according to WHO 2009 revised classification. Typical symptoms of dengue include: extreme fatigue; sudden fever (from 3-7 days), headache, joint, muscle, and back pain; vomiting and diarrhea, appetite loss; skin rash along minor bleeding. Aedes aegypti is geographically distributed in tropical areas and breeds in artificially filled water containers i.e. drums, tyres, flower vases plastic food containers, tin cans, etc. Due to four viral serotypes and non-availability of the model animal for dengue, producing vaccines is a challenging task. Thus, Dengue can be managed using various vector control strategies through physical, chemical and biological means

Boundary layer characteristics just above sub-urban roughness

With regard to the reliable design of distribution lines (less than 60 ft) and other structures that stand just above the suburban roughness, it is very important to accurately study the complex turbulence structures in the region of suburban roughness sublayer. In this study, it has been found that the profiles of mean wind velocity, turbulence intensity and integral length scale parameters (longitudinal, lateral, and vertical) are not exactly the same as those used in ASCE 7, which considers the ideal case of turbulence above open terrain or well above the roughness. To accomplish this, wind tunnel experiments were carried out in Texas Tech University's wind tunnel facility and then the data was analyzed to determine the variation of turbulence and gust size just above the roughness. Very close simulations of open and suburban terrain were accomplished by respectively laying carpet and carpet plus 12 house models (in 4 rows) in the upstream section of the wind tunnel. To determine the integral length scales, cross correlation and auto correlation methods were employed with the help of Math CAD software. The profiles of different parameters were determined with respect to height and surface roughness. Also, to determine the effect of an abrupt change of terrain, a single row of 3 house models was placed in front of the line of measurement and the corresponding test data analyzed. It has been primarily concluded that the suburban roughness sublayer turbulence affects the gust effect factors which in turn affect the design wind load on distribution lines and the other structures that stand just above the suburban roughness

Studi kekuatan beton dan kapasitas momen balok beton bertulang umur muda dengan pemakaian calcium chloride

xii+151hlm.;29c

Uji daya serap radiasi oc, B, dan y oleh plat beton beragregat pasir besi di ruang radiologi rumah sakit umum Banda Aceh

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Pengaruh gradasi agregat bercelah terhadap kuat tekan beton

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Penelitian kuat tekan beton umur muda dengan pamakaian calcium chloride serta penggunaan air bertemperatur rendah

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Karakterisasi beton yang memiliki daya serap radiasi dan kekuatan optimal

viii+19hlm.;29c