ENHANCED REVERSIBLE IMAGE DATA HIDING BASED ON BLOCK HISTOGRAM SHIFTING AND PADHM

Due to the enhanced digital media on the web, information security and privacy protection issue have attracted the eye of information communication. Information hiding has become a subject of sizable im-portance. Currently each day there's very big drawback of information hacking into the networking space. There is variety of techniques offered within the trade to over-come this drawback. So, information hiding within the encrypted image is one in all the solutions, however the matter is that the original cover can't be losslessly recov-ered by this system. That’s why recently; additional and additional attention is paid to reversible information concealing in encrypted pictures however this technique drawback low hardiness. A completely unique technique is planned by reserving for embedding information be-fore encoding of the image takes place with the offered algorithmic rule. Currently the authentic person will hide the information simply on the image to produce authen-tication. The transmission and exchange of image addi-tionally desires a high security .This is the review paper regarding this reversible information hiding algorithms obtainable. As a result, because of histogram enlarge-ment and bar graph shifting embedded message and also the host image may be recovered dead. The embedding rate is enhanced and PSNR magnitude relation using novel technique

An Approach for Solving Multiple Travelling Salesman Problem using Ant Colony Optimization

Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a heuristic algorithm which has been proven a successful technique and applied to a number of combinatorial optimization (CO) problems. The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is one of the most important combinatorial problems. Multiple traveling salesman problem (MTSP) is a typical computationally complex combinatorialOptimization problem, which is an extension of the famous traveling salesman problem (TSP). The paper proposed an approach to show how the ant colony optimization (ACO) can be applied to the MTSP with ability constraint. There are several reasons for the choice of the TSP as the problem to explain the working of ACO algorithms: it is an important NP-hard optimization problem that arises in several applications; it is a problem to which ACO algorithms are easily applied; it is easily understandable, so that the algorithm behavior is not obscured by too many technicalities; and it is a standard test bed for new algorithmic ideas as a good performance on the TSP is often taken as a proof of their usefulness. Keywords— Ant colony optimization, Traveling salesman proble

A Study on Social Equity in the Education System: Exploratory Study in the Indian Education System Context

Indian education system promotes social equality, embraces an inclusive learning environment, and adheres to a heterogeneous classroom. Besides, social equity in the education system could occur due to gender disparities and inadequate funding. In addition, the Indian government, in terms of providing social equity, aimed to significantly rectify the historical, cultural, and gender inequalities to promote equal educational opportunities for all structures regardless of their background. Furthermore, the digital divide amplifies existing disparities, as socioeconomically disadvantaged children face little or no access to online educational resources during the pandemic. Addressing these difficulties necessitates the implementation of comprehensive policy reforms, augmented financial allocation, active involvement of the community, and an unwavering dedication to the principles of social justice

Highly Conductive Redox-Couple Solid Polymer Electrolyte System: Blend-KI-I₂ for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Ionic conductivity of a redox-couple solid polymer electrolyte system, () blend: [0.9KI : 0.1I2] with in weight fraction, is reported. A blend of poly(ethylene oxide) (abbreviated as PEO) and succinonitrile in equal weight fraction was used as a polymeric matrix instead of the PEO and succinonitrile because of its low-cost, electrical conductivity superior to the PEO, and thermal stability better than the succinonitrile. The electrolyte with showed ionic conductivity of S cm−1 and iodine ion diffusivity of nearly  cm2 s−1 at 25°C. The conductivity and diffusivity values were nearly two orders of magnitude higher than those of the PEO-KI-I2 due to the improved PEO crystallinity. It also exhibited dye-sensitized solar cell efficiency of 2.2% at 100 mW cm−2, which is twice of the cell prepared using the PEO-KI-I2 only.</jats:p

An anatomical approach to Grahani on the basis of Cadaveric Dissection - A Cadaveric Case Study

Ayurveda is the ancient medical science of the world. It is first focuses on maintain health of human beings. Maintaining of health by proper using of Ahara (diet), Vihara (daily routine). Ahara or Anna are maintain health by proper metabolism, Ahara known as Prana. In Ahara Paka (digestion) take place in different stage at different parts of body. In this process Grahani is the special part of digestion system part and it is the specialized part of the Mahasrotas. Pittadara Kala is situated at the site of the site of the Grahani, and also site of the Pachaka Pitta which help in the the Ahara Pachana. According to Ayueveda the 6th Pittadhara Kala is situated in between the Amashaya and Pakwashaya and situated above the Nabhi. Grahani is the site of Agni and does Grahana of Anna and it is supported and nourished by the strength of Agni. This study is an attempt to elaborate and compare both ancient and modern concept of Grahani and its clinical significance with the help of cadaveric study

Milk Production and Nutrient Efficiency of Lactation Goats on Diet Containing Linseed Cake, Mustard Cake and Guar Korma with Urea in Concentrates

Protein supplements, those conventionally used in goat feeding includes oil meals of ground nut, soybean meal, linseed and til etc., which are very costly and their availability is limited for ruminant feeding as these are most used in pig and poultry rations. However, mustard (Brassica juncea) oil meal is available in plenty at cheaper prices but their utilization in goat feeding is limited due to its bitterness (Pailan and Singhal, 2007), which arises upon degradation of glucosinolate contents of mustard (Tripathi and Mishra, 2007). Ruminant animals have unique capability of bioconversion of nonprotein nitrogen substances into microbial protein, which can also substitute organic protein supplement. Guar korma is another high protein feed resource available at cheaper prices, which can also be used in animal feeding in limited quantities. The use of mustard cake in replacement of linseed cake upto 75% in concentrates of lactating Jamunapari goats have been demonstrated earlier. However, information of guar korma use in goat feeding is in scanty. The level and quality of dietary protein and fat have influence on milk production and quality (Tripathi, 2014) Therefore, present experiment aimed to utilized mustard oil meal, urea and guar korma in replacement of conventional linseed oil cake as protein supplement in concentrate mixture of lactating goats feeding and assess the nutrient utilization efficiency for milk production

Alkyl‐π Liquids as Condensed‐State Singlet Oxygen Photosensitizers

Functional materials capable of generating singlet oxygen (1O2), a highly reactive but short‐lived species used to destroy organic materials, including chemical pollutants and biological entities, typically incorporate a chromophore that acts as a photosensitizer into a tertiary scaffold. Current functional materials that produce 1O2 include metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent‐organic frameworks (COFs), polymeric nanoparticles, modified glasses, and supramolecular assemblies. Whilst multi‐component functional materials have been widely reported, producing functional materials using a single small molecule in a condensed state has hardly been reported. Herein, we report the first use of functional molecular liquids (alkyl‐π liquids), non‐volatile single‐component condensed‐state fluidic materials, as photosensitizers for the generation of 1O2 at an alkyl‐π liquid‐water interface. We investigate the incorporation of various chromophores into alkyl‐π liquids that are suitable for 1O2 production and analyze the molecular structure required to produce efficient alkyl‐π liquid photosensitizers. The alkyl‐π liquids were studied, impregnated into porous membranes, and as thin films on quartz and Si wafers, the limitations of 1O2 production were investigated. A system was successfully fabricated that can generate 1O2 within an alkyl‐π liquid impregnated membrane and migrate across a membrane‐water interface to destroy small organic molecules, demonstrating the potential of these systems for water decontamination

Assessment and performance evaluation of photon optimizer (PO) vs. dose volume optimizer (DVO) for IMRT and progressive resolution optimizer (PRO) for RapidArc planning using a virtual phantom

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to present the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of newly incorporated photon optimizer (PO) versus previously was used independent dose volume optimizer (DVO) for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and progressive resolution optimizer (PRO) for Rapid-arc/ volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in version 13.5 of Eclipse treatment planning system (ETPS).Methods: We accomplished this study with the help of cylindrical virtual phantom created in the ETPS. Six individual phantoms study sets (PSS) were generated and different material density value was assigned in order to evaluate the behavior optimizers in the presence of tissue heterogeneity. Several independent plans were generated for IMRT and Rapid-arc by changing optimizer module PO, DVO, and PRO for 6 MV, 15 MV flattened beam and 6 MV-flattening filter free (FFF) beam.Results: The self-governing evaluations of PO versus DVO for IMRT plan and PO versus PRO for Rapid-arc/VMAT plans were performed. We estimated and compared various distinct parameters such as maximum dose, minimum dose, mean dose, conformity index (CI), quality index (QI), homogeneity index (HI), integral plan monitor unit (MU) and dose volume histogram (DVH). The percentages of the average variation over all PSS and beam energy between PO versus DVO optimized plan quality parameters such as planning target volume (PTV) maximum, minimum, mean doses, CI, QI and HI were 0.23%, 1.67%, 0.09%, 20.4%, 0.77% and 0.52% , respectively, whereas for PO versus PRO were 1.18%, 3.38%, 0.19%, 8.11%, 2.78%, and 1.28%, respectively.Conclusion: The results presented in this study showed that PO generates plans with better quality in shorter time compared to DVO and PRO for both IMRT and Rapid-arc/VMAT, respectively

Synthesis and antihyperlipidemic activity of Dibenz[c,e]azepine-5,7-dione derivatives in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic rats

The structural requirements for decreasing cholesterol and triglyceride levels remain largely uninvestigated. Thus a systematic investigation of certain N-substituted dibenz[c,e]azepines is necessary. Nine compounds of N-substituted derivatives of Dibenz[c,e]azepine-5,7-Dione were synthesized and they were tested for antihyperlipidemic activity. Compounds synthesized (C-1, C-3, C-4 and C-5) significantly lowered the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL (low density lipoprotein) levels and also improved the HDL (high density lipoprotein) level in Triton-WR 1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Keywords: antihyperlipidemic activity, lipids in plasma, high density lipoprotei

Studies on Polybenzimidazole and Methanesulfonate Protic-Ionic-Liquids-Based Composite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes

Funding Information: This project was funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Award Number (2-17-01-001-0042). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.In the present work, different methanesulfonate-based protic ionic liquids (PILs) were synthesized and their structural characterization was performed using FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Their thermal behavior and stability were studied using DSC and TGA, respectively, and EIS was used to study the ionic conductivity of these PILs. The PIL, which was diethanolammonium-methanesulfonate-based due to its compatibility with polybenzimidazole (PBI) to form composite membranes, was used to prepare proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) for prospective high-temperature fuel cell application. The prepared PEMs were further characterized using FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM, and EIS. The FTIR results indicated good interaction among the PEM components and the DSC results suggested good miscibility and a plasticizing effect of the incorporated PIL in the PBI polymer matrix. All the PEMs showed good thermal stability and good proton conductivity for prospective high-temperature fuel cell application.publishersversionpublishe