An investigation into the controls of granite plutonism in the Sierra da Freita region, Northern Portugal

The Serra da Freita region of north central Portugal was chosen for study as it displays the complex relationships between regional structure, plutonism, regional and contact metamorphism typical of this part of Iberia. The region was mapped on a scale of 1:10000. The Serra da Freita pluton, which intrudes the core of the Porto-Viseu metamorphic belt developed in the late Pre-Cambrian - Cambrian Beira Schists, is shown to lie in a sinistral transpressive shear zone, the Serra da Freita shear zone. Early structures are progressively modified over a protracted period by shear zone deformation, during which time metamorphism reached a peak and the granite was emplaced. Mapping of the intrusive contacts of the granite show that following initial intrusion of a steeply inclined sheet of magma into the zone of highest strain, magmas were injected into a region of progressively lower strain where the magma was acconunodated as a nearly flat sheet. The distal end of this mass ballooned upvards to form the small intrusion of Castanheira which has abundant biotite nodules which acted as near perfect strain markers. The main pluton is shown to intrude obliquely the core of a narrow metamorphic belt characterized by parageneses of biotite, andalusite/staurolite, sillimanite, which maps distinctly from a younger cordierite sillimanite contact aureole around an adjacent quartz diorite body. Several facies of granite within the pluton have been recognized; petrographical and structural studies allow the interpreted emplacemen~ mechanism of these units to be integrated within a more general model for the evolution of the shear zone. Geochemical analyses of major and trace elements show that certain compositional trends within these facies cannot be simply related as part of a fractionation sequence. A model is put forward in which repeated melting of a heterogeneous source is followed by sequential emplacement of discrete batches of magma as sheets and wedges wi thin the acti ve shear zone. A Rb-Sr whole rock isochron age of 324 Ma was obtained and this dates not only the emplacement age of the syn-tectonic granite, but also constrains the time of movement along the shear zone. Radiogenic and stable isotope data strongly point to the local high grade Beira Schists as being sui table source rocks for generation of magmas wi th marked S-type characteristics which now form the Serra da Freita pluton. 180 values for the granites of 10.64 ± 0.24 - 13.00 ± 0.12 overlap those of the schists which lie in the range 12.38 ± 0.24 - 14.15 ± 0.4. The whole rock Rb-Sr isochron for the granite has an initial ratio of 0.7136 ± 0.0008 (MSWD = 3.2). A regional and tectonothennal model is put forward in which end-Palaeozoic oblique strike slip collision took place in the Ibero-Armorican Arc. The resulting peturbation in continental heat flow, coupled with the possible effects of shear heating, fluid concentration and local high ductility contrasts in the heterogeneous metasediments, are invoked as being responsible for causing anatexis of the Beira Schists at a depth of 10-12 km, and the generation of granitic melts. Emplacement of these bodies gave rise to the Porto-Viseu metamorphic belt, into which later smaller higher-level melts were injected. It is argued that some of these later magmas which reached higher levels are now exposed as the constituent facies of the Serra da Freita pluton. The Serra cia Freita shear zone, active throughout metamorphism, anatexis and magma emplacement was a dominant feature of the geological history of the region

The Impact of Recession on the Health Care of Rural Citizens

Rural residents within the United States were already at an economic disadvantage before the current recession hit. During the 1980s in states located in the northwest region of the United States, specifically Idaho and eastern Oregon, well paying labor and manufacturing jobs were lost (USDA, 1992), leaving behind higher poverty rates, aging populations, and increased challenges accessing quality health care (NSL, 2002). This editorial explores needs, quality and access to health care for rural citizens during our current time of economic instability

Family Presence During Resuscitation and/or Invasive Procedures in the Emergency Department: One Size Does Not Fit All

Family presence during resuscitation and/or invasive procedures is receiving more attention today as it speaks to the heart of patient and family-centered care. Family members are the most important support for their loved ones during vulnerable times such as a life-threatening event. Although family presence during resuscitation and/or invasive procedures is becoming a more accepted practice in hospital settings, only 5% of hospitals in the United States have unit policies guiding the practice of family presence in specialty settings.1-5 There is a need for family presence to be studied in non-academic hospitals and in other specialty settings such as emergency departments (ED) and adult intensive care units.2 These environments are unpredictable and professionals have varying opinions regarding benefits of family presence during resuscitation and/or invasive procedures in adults. Currently, there is no hospital policy to guide practice of family presence at our 381 bed non-academic hospital in the Northwest. Acknowledging presence as central to patient care inspired our Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) committee to craft a hospital policy providing guidance for the healthcare team to determine when it is appropriate to offer the option of family presence

Refined model of incremental emplacement based on structural evidence from the granodioritic Newry igneous complex, Northern Ireland

Although many intrusions are now known to have been incrementally emplaced, the mechanisms through which this takes place are generally poorly understood. The Newry igneous complex was incrementally emplaced within the Southern Uplands-Down-Longford terrane of Northern Ireland during late Caledonian sinistral transtension. This study uses a variety of new and existing data and techniques to provide a fuller and firmer understanding of incremental emplacement than has previously been available, addressing both deep-crustal processes and those operating within the emplacement site. Host-rock orientations suggest that some of the accommodation space for the Newry igneous complex was generated due to pull-apart tectonics operating within the Southern Uplands-Down-Longford terrane. Local host-rock deflections, concentric igneous foliations, and concentric linear anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS)fabrics show that inflation due to magma overpressure also generated significant space. Strong AMS fabrics close to the boundaries of some magma pulses in turn suggest that inflation was accomplished by injection of individual magma pulses and was thus incremental. The dome-like orientations of mineral foliations within plutons and the truncation of steep local host-rock tracts by the Newry igneous complex imply that the complex consists of four laccolithic bodies. On a larger scale, it is suggested that the deep-seated Argyll and Newry lineaments represent faults that allowed magma generated at depth to ascend to the crustal level of the Southern Uplands-Down-Longford tract boundaries. It is also inferred that sinistral movement along the Argyll and Newry lineaments may have produced the releasing bend within the Southern Uplands-Down-Longford terrane. Higher in the crust, reduced confining pressure resulted in tectonic opening along this releasing bend. This local stress field induced horizontal magma flow and emplacement of the Newry igneous complex as laccolithic bodies. This study suggests that simplistic emplacement models should largely be abandoned in favor of holistic models incorporating the multiple interdependent processes operating during magma ascent and emplacement

3D gravity modelling of the Aguablanca Stock, tectonic control and emplacement of a Variscan gabbronorite bearing a Ni–Cu–PGE ore, SW Iberia

The Aguablanca stock is a Variscan mafic pluton located in the Ossa-Morena zone, southern Iberian Massif, hosting an unusual Ni–Cu–PGE mineralization associated with magmatic breccia pipes which intruded its northern part. The emplacement of the Aguablanca stock and the mineralized breccia pipes are related to the activity of the Cherneca ductile shear zone, a Variscan sinistral shear zone that favoured magma ascent through the upper crust. A detailed gravity study has been carried out in order to investigate the 3D geometry of the Aguablanca intrusion and to get insights about the emplacement mechanism and tectonic controls of the mineralization. The three-dimensional gravity modelling shows that the stock has an inverted drop geometry with a feeder zone in contact with the Cherneca ductile shear zone. The inferred orientation of the feeder zone suggests that the emplacement probably took place along an open tensional crack formed within the strain field of the adjacent Cherneca ductile shear zone. The modelling of the breccia pipes hosting the Ni–Cu–PGE ore shows that they are included inside the feeder zone, thus their emplacement is probably controlled by successive opening events of this tensional crack

Service learning: A case-study examining positive and negative influences on higher education faculty

The purpose of this research was, first, to study why a professor would implement and then continue to use a service learning methodology and, second, to study how a professor is shaped by service learning experiences. An in-depth case-study design was used to study the impacts of personal and contextual factors on one higher education professor implementing service learning in her classroom. Interviews, observations, and document reviews were used to gather data. The focal point for this study was a professor of a senior-level Nursing Leadership and Management course who successfully incorporated a service learning methodology and continues to do so. This study investigated the expert service learning professor and her interactions with students, peer faculty, and administrators. Institutional constraints, instructional considerations, and individual variables, including her motivations to successfully continue using a service learning methodology, were also examined. Findings, based on the four research questions that guided the current study, included the following: strong personal values are important motivating forces; student resistance is a negative factor; institutional constraints, including promotion and tenure policies, are influential to implementation; and communication with faculty peers is a factor in implementation. Insights and themes have potential value for higher education faculty, especially nursing educators and others in health disciplines

Relevansi UUD 1945 Setelah Perubahan Dengan Kebutuhan Akan Undang-Undang Dasar Baru Bagi Bangsa Indonesia

Bahwa pada masa Refonnasi timbul kesepakatan politik (konsensus) baru yaitu bahwa bangsa Indonesia membutuhkan suatu Undang-Undang Dasar yang mampu menampung aspirasi rakyat Indonesia. - Bahwa UUD 1945 Sebelum Perubahan tidak mampu menampung aspirasi rakyat Indonesia terutama setelah masa Orde Baru (masa Reformasi). - Bahwa UUD 1945 Setelah Perubahan merupakan upaya pembentuk Undang-Undang Dasar secara urgensi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan rakyat Indonesia akan Undang-Undang Dasar yang mampu menampung asptrasmya

Assessing Conduct Disorder: A New Measurement Approach

The Delinquent Activities Scale (DAS) was used to develop indicators of conduct disorder (CD) in terms of symptom severity and age of onset. Incarcerated adolescents (N = 190) aged 14 to 19 were asked about their delinquent behaviors, including age the behavior was first performed, as well as substance use and parental and peer influences. Assessments were performed for the 12 months prior to incarceration and at 3-month postrelease follow-up. Evidence supports the utility of the DAS as a measure of CD diagnosis, including concurrent incremental validity. Furthermore, CD severity (symptom count) was significantly associated with two peer factors: friend substance use and friend prior arrests, with medium to large effect sizes (ESs). Earlier age of CD onset was associated with earlier marijuana use. This study finds that the DAS is a useful instrument in that it is easy to apply and has adequate psychometrics

Validation of the delinquent activities scale for incarcerated adolescents

Purpose: This study examined the validity of the Delinquent Activities Scale (DAS), based in part on the Self Reported Delinquency (SRD) scale. Method: Participants were 190 incarcerated adolescents (85.8% male; average age 17 years) at a juvenile correctional facility in the Northeast. While incarcerated, they were asked about substance use and delinquent activities in the 1 year prior to incarceration, as well as parental, peer, and demographic information. They were tracked at three months post-release, given the DAS, and assessed for post-release substance use. Results: Three factors of the DAS assess general, alcohol-involved, and marijuana-involved delinquent activities. Principal components analysis was used to develop subscales within each factor. Support was found for concurrent and predictive incremental validities of these factors and their subscales in predicting substance use, with stronger findings for the general and the alcohol-involved factors. Subscales related to stealing showed lower validity than those related to more aggressive behaviors. Conclusions: These analyses suggest that the factors and empirically derived subscales offer researchers and clinicians a psychometrically sound approach for the assessment of adolescent misbehaviors