The world’s deepest subterranean community - Krubera-Voronja Cave (Western Caucasus)

Subsurface biota extends over a wide variety of habitats that can be spatially interconnected. The largest communities of this subsurface biota inhabit cavities and are well known mainly in caves where biologists are able to have access. Data about deep subterranean communities and arthropods living under one thousand meters was unknown. An expedition to world’s deepest cave, Krubera-Voronja in Western Caucasus, revealed an interesting subterranean community, living below 2000 meters and represented by more than 12 species of arthropods, including several new species for science. This deep cave biota is composed of troglobionts and also epigean species, that can penetrate until -2140 m. Deep subterranean ecosystems should not be seen only as an evolu- tionary dead end towards the troglomorphic syndrome, but also as a shelter for epigean species populations, especially during long periods of time when surface conditions are severe for their survival. Most of the subsurface biota depends on allochthonous sources of organic carbon coming from: water percolating from the surface, sinking streams that enter caves, and activities of animals mov- ing in and out of caves. The biocoenosis and the vertical distribution of invertebrate fauna of Krubera-Voronja are provided, from its entrance to the remarkable depth of 2140 meters, including the discovery of world’s deepest dwelling arthropod

Reviews of the genera Schaefferia Absolon, 1900, Deuteraphorura Absolon, 1901, Plutomurus Yosii, 1956 and the Anurida Laboulbène, 1865 species group without eyes, with the description of four new species of cave springtails (Collembola) from Krubera-Voronya cave, Arabika Massif, Abkhazia

Krubera-Voronya cave and other deep systems in Arabika Massif are being explored during many speleological expeditions. A recent Ibero-Russian exploration expedition (summer of 2010) took place in this cave with the aim of providing a study of the biocenosis of the deepest known cave in the world. Four new species of Collembola were found at different depths: Schaefferia profundissima n. sp., Anurida stereoodorata n. sp., Deuteraphorura kruberaensis n. sp., and Plutomurus ortobalaganensis n. sp., the last one at -1980 m deep. The identification and description of the new species have required the careful study of all congeneric species, implying a revision of each genus. As a result of this work tables and keys to all significant characters for each species are presented

Compostos fenólicos totais de extratos de Fucus vesiculosus e Gracilaria sp.: potencial aplicação a embalagens alimentares

Os compostos fenólicos encontram-se presentes na grande maioria do mundo vegetal, fazendo parte do metabolismo secundário das plantas e contribuindo para a defesa destas contra a radiação ou organismos patogénicos, parasitas e predadores. Encontrando-se distribuídos por todas as frações das plantas, estes compostos são ainda responsáveis pela coloração e propriedades organoléticas das mesmas. São os compostos fenólicos os grandes responsáveis pela bioactividade das plantas, como a capacidade antioxidante e antimicrobiana. Em particular, os florotaninos, são os compostos fenólicos mais presentes em espécies de algas marinhas, em especial nas algas castanhas. As embalagens alimentares representam um grave problema ambiental, uma vez que, são na sua maioria, produzidas através de produtos de fontes não renováveis e não biodegradáveis. Para tentar combater este problema, a indústria alimentar em conjunto com a comunidade cientifica tem procurado materiais mais sustentáveis e amigos do meio ambiente para este tipo de produtos. Aliada a esta procura está também a substituição de antioxidantes sintéticos por antioxidantes naturais, igualmente poderosos. Estes podem ser extraídos sob a forma de óleos essenciais e extratos naturais através de plantas aromáticas, especiarias, algas, frutos, entre outros. Estas substâncias bioativas podem ser incorporadas em embalagens alimentares ativas antioxidantes que, interagem intencionalmente com o alimento embalado, libertando para o mesmo compostos bioativos capazes de retardar ou inibir a oxidação dos mesmos, aumentando assim o seu tempo de vida útil. A Gracilaria sp é uma alga vermelha (Rhodophyta) muito utilizada na produção de agar, enquanto que a Fucus vesiculosus é uma alga castanha que cresce abundantemente nas zonas frias e temperadas do Oceano Atlântico. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar o total de florotaninos presentes em cinco extratos hidro-etanólicos das duas espécies e avaliar a sua potencial aplicação a embalagens alimentares.Financiado pelo projeto de investigação “i.FILM- Multifunctional Films for Intelligent and Active Applications” (nº 17921), cofinanciado pelo Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) através do Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização no âmbito do Programa “Portugal 2020” (Sistema de Incentivos à Investigação e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico (SI I&DT), Aviso nº 33/SI/2015, Projetos em Co-Promoção).N/

From organizational level indicators to global goals: aligning the impact of a social enterprise to the Sustainable Development Goals

From Organizational Level Indicators to Global Goals – Aligning the Impact of a Social Enterprise to the Sustainable Development Goals is a work projects that explores the path from internal operations to the SDG frame of ImpacTrip, a responsible tour operator. Using qualitative data methods and the logic model as framework, it was possible to connect global goals to both performance and impact evaluation principles, with different degrees of conciliation ability. The enterprise was able to further outline a Commitment and a Support Zone when categorizing its level of responsibility, implying different strategic, operational and communicational consequences

Euro-Mediterranean fauna of Campodeinae (Campodeidae, Diplura)

Campodeinae is the most diverse subfamily of Campodeidae diplurans and inhabits soils and subsurface ecosystems. These are distributed in the Palearctic area, clearly rarifying towards northern latitudes. The major taxonomic characters are chaetotaxy, shape and complexity of pretarsal structures, and secondary sexual characters. This monograph provides a taxonomic revision of the subfamily Campodeinae in the Euro-Mediterrnean region, based on extensive literature review and new material studied. It comprises detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations together with habitat and distribution data of 161 species and 14 subspecies from 10 genera: Campodea Westwood, 1842, Edriocampa Silvestri, 1933, Eutrichocampa Silvestri, 1902, Helladocampa Condé, 1984, Libanocampa Condé, 1955, Litocampa Silvestri, 1933, Oreocampa Condé, 1950, Podocampa Silvestri, 1932, Remycampa Condé 1952, and Spaniocampa Silvestri, 1933. With 116 species Campodea is the most diverse and widely distributed genus in the studied area.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Cave-adapted beetles from continental Portugal

Background The cave biodiversity of continental Portugal faces tremendous conservation challenges, mostly linked to their direct destruction and contamination infiltrating from the surface. Beetles are the most diverse insects and one of the most diverse arthropod groups in caves of Portugal. New information We present the IUCN Red List profiles for the cave-adapted beetles from continental Portugal, all endemic to their respective geological units and massifs. Ground beetles (Carabidae) are the most diverse family of cave-adapted beetles in continental Portugal, followed by rove beetles (Staphylinidae). Beetles in caves of Portugal are mostly terrestrial and only one species is known to have evolved to live in groundwater. Trechus is the most diverse genus with four species, followed by Domene with three species and by Speonemadus and Iberoporus, both with one cave-adapted species. The aim of this contribution is to assess all endemic cave-adapted species of beetles from continental Portugal and to support their specific protection, to promote adequate management of surface habitats and the establishment of priority areas for conservation. The main biodiversity erosion drivers that are impacting the conservation of the studied species are pollution infiltrating from the surface, urbaniation, modifications of the natural habitat for touristic purposes and mining, quarrying and energy production infrastructures. This document can be used in spatial planning and territory management in karst, based on the current scientific knowledge.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Domitius lusitanicus (Araneae, Nesticidae) - an umbrella species for the conservation of troglobionts in the Estremenho Karst Massif, Portugal

Background Domitius lusitanicus (Fage, 1931) is a troglobiont spider, endemic from caves in the largest karst massif in Portugal, the Estremenho. It was the first described cave-adapted species from Portugal, but the male of the species was only described in 1988. New information Over the last two decades, the knowledge on the distribution of D. lusitanicus increased significantly. We assess the conservation status of D. lusitanicus, providing new information on its extent of occurrence and the anthropogenic threats and present a IUCN Red List profile. D. lusitanicus faces various anthropogenic threats, such as habitat loss, agriculture, pollution and tourism impacts. Despite a large part of its distribution is included in a Natural Park, it expands outside of the areas deemed for protection in the Natura 2000 network. This species has the widest spread distribution of all troglobionts in the Estremenho Massif; therefore, it may be used as an umbrella species for the protection of other cave-adapted species of invertebrates of the massif.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The genus Jeekelosoma Mauriès, 1985 – Moroccan cave millipedes (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae)

Jeekelosoma Mauriès, 1985, is upgraded from subgenus status under Eviulisoma Silvestri, 1910 to full genus status. The type species, Jeekelosoma abadi (Mauriès, 1985) is redescribed based on topotypical material from a cave in Morocco. Jeekelosoma heptarachne sp. nov. and J. viginti sp. nov. are described from two further Moroccan caves