Lexical Pragmatics and the nature of word meaning

Estudio de los procesos de ajuste léxico de extensión y especificación aplicados al significado de las palabras, examinando los usos que los hablantes hacen de las mismas que abarcan un continuo desde los más literales a los más metafóricos.Este artículo trata sobre los procesos de ajuste léxico de extensión y especificación del significado léxico codificado, así como con la naturaleza del significado de las palabras analizando desde los usos más literales hasta los más metafóricos, pasando por las aproximaciones y extensiones de categorías

Sensitivity analysis of heat losses in distribution systems : impact of different buildings typologies

This paper focuses on the sensitivity of heat losses in collective heat distribution systems using a simplified calculation method. The methodology considers several parameters influencing the performance of heat distribution systems. Hence, the thermal properties of the heat exchanger in the dwelling heating substation and the return temperature of sanitary hot water are considered. In addition, the recirculation control strategy, the length of service branch which is included or not in the recirculation as well as, the share in a building of dwelling heating substation with similar characteristic and control strategy are also taken into account. The present study assess the impacts of some potential variations in the input variables, on the conclusions of the methodology. A comparison of the sensitivity of heat losses in the heating distribution system between four different buildings typologies, i.e. with 13, 24, 25 and 49 apartments, is provided. In order to identify the influence of building typology and pipe layout in the heat losses calculation, for the four cases the sensitivity analysis was carried out. A study was conducted through sensitivity analysis by means of an experimental design, consisting of the combinations of parameters which were varied from the levels at which they were set. Results shows how sensitive the solution is in the face of different parameter values as well as under what circumstances the solution would change. The suitability of the improved method which allow more flexibility to consider different pipe layout characteristic within a heating distribution system was demonstrated

Customer unit substation of collective heat distribution system : Benchmark of hot water comfort test standard and methodologies

The performance assessment of dwelling heating substations in terms of level of comfort is usually studied regarding temperature overshoots, stationary temperature deviations and settling time among other parameters. In fact, several standards and test methods can be found focusing on a specific target or technology. However, these methods do not always provide clear information about hot water comfort. As a result planners, developers and customers have difficulties to compare a substation product with products using other technologies for the heating of sanitary hot water. The study investigates the compatibility of already existing methods and intends to evaluate their applicability to systems where the sanitary hot water is prepared in an instantaneous way by using a heat exchanger in a district heating substation. In order to achieve that aim, a dynamic simulation model of a test setup (using TRNSYS) has been developed. The test procedures, as well as the simulation results, are described and discussed. This analysis is expected to provide the basis for an integrated performance assessment test of this kind of devices

Dinámica regional de la producción porcina en México, 1994-2012

Las políticas macroeconómicas y sectoriales adoptadas por México, en las últimas dos décadas, causaron una modificación en la estructura productiva de la porcicultura nacional y local, que fue distinta entre las regiones. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar el crecimiento o decremento de la producción de carne de cerdo en canal y evaluar su dinámica económica de 1994 a 2012, en ocho regiones de México (Noroeste NO, Norte NR, Noreste NE, Centro-Occidente CO, Centro-Este CE, Sur SU, Oriente OR y Península de Yucatán PE). Para ello se usó la tasa de crecimiento anual, la tasa de crecimiento media anual (TCMA) y técnicas de análisis regional, como cociente de localización, coeficiente de especialización y método diferencial-estructural. Los resultados indicaron que durante el periodo de estudio las regiones OR, PE y NO tuvieron el crecimiento mayor de la producción de carne de cerdo y las TCMA mayores (5.07, 2.73 y 2.39 %). Pero las regiones OR, NO, CE, NE y NR tuvieron el grado mayor de dinamismo económico porque todos sus efectos (total, diferencial y estructural) fueron positivos, con una ganancia hipotética de 24.11, 17.80, 6.91, 4.89 y 3.60 miles t. Esto implicó especialización mayor, competitividad interregional mayor y mejores condiciones productivas. La región CO se rezagó durante todo el periodo de estudio

Building energy performance characterisation based on dynamic analysis and co-heating test

A demonstration zero-carbon neighborhood is being raised in the city of Kortrijk, Belgium in the framework of the ECO-Life project within the CONCERTO initiative. A holistic approach is applied to achieve the zero-carbon targets, considering all aspects that are relevant for energy supply. Accordingly, alongside the integration of renewable energy sources in the community, a low-temperature district heating system is being implemented to cover the heat demand. In this context, full scale testing of building thermal performances, by use of a co-heating test and flux measurements, can be useful to analyze the thermal performance of the building envelope in situ. For that reason, as part of a more general study regarding low-energy building, co-heating test, blower-door test and flux measurements in several apartments were executed. Therefore, the paper focuses on characterization of the thermal dynamic behavior of an apartment, as a first approximation of data analysis of a monitoring system involving whole buildings. In addition, in the present study, the capability of linear regression techniques to characterize the thermal behavior of a newly built low-energy apartment in Belgium is investigated. The strengths and weaknesses of different models are identified. The limitation and possibilities of regression models are evaluated in the face of their applicability as a simplified building equation model. The identified model structure is going to be used within a complex simulation model of an entire district heating system with around 200 dwelling. Finally, the potential of this kind of regression models to be used as part of the operational control scheme of a district heating system is presented

Optimization of the production of milk in Brown Swiss cows supplemented with concentrate

Se realizó un análisis del óptimo técnico y óptimo económico, a través de modelos no lineales, para determinar el punto de máxima producción en leche y máxima ganancia en dinero con vacas PArdo-Suizo. Se demostró que la máxima producción del líquido no necesariamente implica la máxima ganancia en dinero para el productor

Thermal comfort and indoor air quality on end-user satisfaction level evaluation in a Nearly Zero Carbon neighbourhood

End-user satisfaction studies in residential buildings has to be approached combining the user’s perspective and technical criteria to consider the complex interactions influencing the building energy performance. Therefore, in this study the physical characteristics of dwellings and their environments are assessed, user satisfaction is examined, and the relationship between them is investigated. The study aims to illustrate the end-user satisfaction in exemplary high performance buildings and to investigate how the users are interacting with these buildings. Examination of the building performance, thermal comfort and indoor air quality are the main focal points of the work. In general, results reflect a significant improvement on the satisfaction level of the inhabitants with the comfort of the dwelling after the refurbishment of the district. Findings from the cross-analysis of both surveys and measurements are used to further refine conclusions and identify the driving factors of the interrelationship between building performance and end-user satisfaction

Estudio de viabilidad económica para una engorda de bovinos en corral en el sur del Estado de México

Se realiza una propuesta de viabilidad para la engorda en corral de bovinos carne, a través de la metodología de formulación y evaluación de proyectos de inversión. Se añaden dos indicadores de rentabilidad: Índice de deseabilidad y Tasa Verdadera de Rentabilidad o Tasa Interna de Retorno Modificada

Generacion de multitudes heterogeneas con comportamientos inteligentes en ambientes virtuales

La simulaci ́on de multitudes consiste en representar a grupos de personajes auto ́no- mos llamados agentes virtuales, con reglas y entornos que simulan a aquellos encontrados en la vida real. Entre los objetivos de las simulaciones virtuales tam- bi ́en se encuentra el generar algoritmos capaces de producir visualizaciones de manera fluida, esto es no tener retrasos en la visualizacio ́n de la simulacio ́n. Las simulaciones de multitudes son herramientas utilizadas por organizaciones, por ejemplo una constructora, para realizar pruebas virtuales a determinadas estruc- turas como lo puede ser un estadio de fu ́tbol, las multitudes utilizadas en este tipo de simulaciones carecen de comportamientos diferentes, es decir todos los individuos de la multitud se comportan de la misma manera aunque visualmente sean diferentes. La tesis presenta una propuesta para generar multitudes virtuales heterog ́eneas, de tal forma que los individuos que conforman la multitud exhiban distintos comportamientos, y no como se hace hasta el momento donde un mismo comportamiento que se aplica a todos los agentes. Se propone tambi ́en una t ́ecnica de agrupamiento en distintas regiones del a ́rea a poblar utilizando diagramas de Voronoi, posibilitando la caracterizaci ́on de zonas en donde existe una concentra- cio ́n selectiva dependiendo de los distintos roles que asumen los individuos de la multitud. Se introducen los LCP (Lugares de concentraci ́on de la poblacio ́n) que son los lugares donde distintos grupos de la poblacio ́n se agrupan, lo que genera un comportamiento de agrupacio ́n en las multitudes. Los resultados observados permiten distinguir distintos comportamientos debido a que se generan diferentes velocidades de desplazamiento, taman ̃os y pesos. La utilizacio ́n de los LCP emula un comportamiento de agrupaci ́on dependiendo del rol que cada agente virtual tenga, lo cual permite que se agrupe en distintas zonas del ambiente virtual