Fischbestände der Ostsee, ihre Entwicklung seit 1970 und Schlussfolgerungen für ihre fischereiliche Nutzung - Teil 3: Sprotte

The sprat of the Baltic Sea is not as short-lived as inother Seas probably because fish predator species arerestricted mainly on cod and salmon. Sea bird popula-tions are much smaller and marine mammals are rare inthe Baltic Sea. The sprat stock biomass is fluctuatingstrongly. The fluctuation is mainly influenced by thestock recruitment and is also dependent on the strengthof the cod stock. After a strong decrease during the1980ies sprat catches increased again from 1992 onwardsand reached a peak with over half a million tonnes in 1997. At about the same time the character of the BalticSea sprat fishery changed from catches mainly for hu-man consumption to catches mainly for industrial pur-poses initiated by the fishery of Sweden. The recentrecord high catches of sprat have been possible only dueto the low level of the cod stock of the main Baltic SeaBasins over some years. A sprat fishery on such a highcatch level might cause conflicts with a recovering codstock in future

Fischbestände der Ostsee, ihre Entwicklung seit 1970 und Schlussfolgerungen für ihre fischereiliche Nutzung - Teil 2: Hering

The herring of the Baltic Sea shows a complicated population structure. Comparable to herring in other areas it can also be discriminated as spring and autumn spawning herring. Autumn spawning herring has been nearly vanished since the late 1960’s. Baltic Sea spring spawning herring show a broad variety as far as morphometric and other biological characteristics are concerned. It seems not very likely that all those differences are genetically based. The spawning sites of populations are, however, often clearly separated and such groups of herring are in most cases characterized by distinct differences in individual growth. Therefore for assessment purposes it is necessary to distinguish between as small as possible units in order to not endanger smaller populations to become extinct by overexploitation. On the other hand migrations and mixing of herring of different origin especially during the summer feeding period result in extreme difficulties of the discrimination of small units. For this reason only three herring assess ment units have been identified for the central and the northern Baltic Sea: herring in Sub-divisions 25–32+32, herring in Sub-division 30 and herring in Sub-division31. The spring spawning herring of the western Baltic Sea has been combined with spring spawning herring in Division IIIa. Only the herring stock in Sub-division 30 shows a positive development in the past. The largest assessment unit in Sub-divisions 25–29+32 decreased continuously during the whole period 1974–1998. The western Baltic Spring spawning herring stock decreased from 1990 to 1996. There is an ongoing debate on scientific level whether the combination of small populations into large assessment units like the one in S-D’s 25–29&32 might include the danger of the extinction of small compartments of the unit. On the other hand the practice by the International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission of managing the Baltic Sea herring fisheries by dividing a yearly Total Allowable Catch for the whole area among fishery zones without taking care of any biological structure and any individual stock development is totally against the idea of sustainability of fisheries

Kommunaler Klimaschutz in Deutschland : Handlungsoptionen, Entwicklung und Perspektiven

In der vorliegenden Studie werden die Handlungsoptionen deutscher Kommunen als Akteure im Klimaschutz untersucht. Gerade auf lokaler Ebene ist die Durchführung entsprechender Maßnahmen unverzichtbar, sollen die global, europaweit und national angestrebten CO2-Reduktionsziele erreicht werden. Hierbei werden die Handlungsoptionen der Kommunen vor allem durch die ihnen im deutschen Staatsaufbau zukommenden Aufgaben, durch ihre finanzielle Situation und zunehmend durch die Richtlinien der EU bestimmt. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden im zweiten Abschnitt die rechtlichen Grundlagen für kommunale Klimaschutzaktivitäten herausgearbeitet, die verschiedenen Rollen aufgezeigt, die Kommunen in ihrem klimapolitischen Handeln einnehmen können, und die einzelnen Handlungsfelder näher beleuchtet. Darüber hinaus werden vor dem Hintergrund der fortschreitenden Europäisierung die drei transnationalen Städtenetzwerke im Bereich des Klimaschutzes vorgestellt, in denen sich europäische Kommunen zum Austausch ihrer Erfahrungen und zum direkten Lobbying der politischen Institutionen der EU organisieren. Im dritten Abschnitt wird auf Basis einer umfassenden Umfrage mittels leitfadengestützter Telefoninterviews der aktuelle Stand lokaler Klimaschutzmaßnahmen in deutschen Großstädten untersucht. Hier geht es um die Frage, wie die Kommunen ihre Handlungsoptionen nutzen, und welche Rolle die transnationale Vernetzung dabei spielt. Im vierten Abschnitt folgt eine qualitativ-vergleichende Analyse dreier deutscher Erfolgsfälle im Bereich des lokalen Klimaschutzes: Heidelberg, Frankfurt am Main und München. Basis des Vergleichs sind Fallstudien, die vor allem die institutionelle Verankerung, die Kapazitäten, die Schwerpunkte und die Rolle der transnationalen Städtenetzwerke in der lokalen Klimaschutzpolitik eingehend untersuchen. Durch die anschließende vergleichende Analyse werden zum einen generelle Erfolgsbedingungen für lokalen Klimaschutz, zum anderen spezifische Strategien herausgearbeitet, mit denen die Kommunen auf lokale Problemlagen reagieren. Im fünften und letzten Abschnitt werden diese Ergebnisse zusammengefasst, übergreifende Schlussfolgerungen gezogen und die Perspektiven lokaler Klimaschutzpolitik in Deutschland eingeschätzt.This study investigates the available options for German municipalities as active agents in climate change policy. If global goals, Europe-wide goals, and national goals for the reduction of CO2 are to be reached, it is imperative that appropriate measures be taken at local level. The choices for municipalities in this regard are determined primarily by the responsibilities they have within the structure of the German government, by their respective financial situations, and increasingly, by European Union directives. Against this backdrop, section two of the study will elaborate the legal principles underlying municipal climate protection activities, will identify various roles that municipalities can have in climate policy action, and will more closely illuminate individual areas of activity. Moreover, in light of the progressive “Europeanization” of local governments, section two will present all three transnational city networks devoted to climate change policy, in which European municipalities have organized, in order to have a forum for the exchange of ideas and information, and in order to have a vehicle by which to lobby the political institutions of the EU directly. Section three of the study will investigate the present status of local climate protection measures in German cities. This investigation is based upon a comprehensive survey conducted via guideline-supported telephone interviews. The point was to determine how municipalities use their available options and what role transnational networking plays in this. Section four presents a qualitative-comparative analysis of three successful cases in the area of local climate protection, namely, the cities of Heidelberg, Frankfurt am Main, and Munich. Case studies provide the comparative data which, first and foremost, cover in-depth the institutional basis, capacities, main areas of activity, and roles of transnational city networks in local climate change policy. The final comparative analysis permits the elaboration of general conditions for successful local-level policy and presents specific strategies which municipalities have used in reaction to the overall problem situation. The fifth and final section of this study summarizes these results, draws some comprehensive conclusions, and presents some perspectives for local climate change policy in Germany

A Revival: The Visiting Geographical Scientist Program

A Revival: The Visiting Geographical Scientist Progra

Insights into Protein-Ligand Molecular Recognition: Thermodynamic, Kinetic and Structural Characterization of Inhibitor Binding to Aldose Reductase and Carbonic Anhydrase II

Two pathological relevant proteins, human aldose reductase and human carbonic anhydrase, were used as model proteins to get insights into the process of molecular recognition. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the formation process of protein ligand complex formation were studied

Development and validation of the Mentoring Functions Measure, The

2016 Summer.Includes bibliographical references.This study developed and provided validation evidence for a new measure of mentoring functions, the Mentoring Functions Measure (MFM). Existing measures of mentoring functions suffer from flaws that the present study aimed to reduce or eliminate. This study had three primary goals: (1) to develop a new measure of mentoring functions, (2) to provide reliability and validity evidence for the measure, and (3) to connect the measure to socioemotional selectivity theory, a theory of aging. In the first phase of the study, 98 items were created based on dimensions that had been used in previous research. These items were reviewed by subject matter experts (SMEs), after which the number of items was reduced to 78. In the second phase, the measure was further refined after being completed by 487 participants in the United States through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk); all participants were currently in an informal mentoring relationship and working at least part-time. Through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis, the MFM was refined and finalized. The MFM consists of 12 items, demonstrates good reliability evidence, and is comprised of three factors: Career functions, Trust & Acceptance functions, and Relationship functions. Construct validity evidence was obtained, with the MFM generally correlating more strongly with the MFQ-9 than with transformational or paternalistic leadership. Criterion-related validity evidence was also established, with MFM subscales predicting affective outcomes (job satisfaction and life satisfaction), health outcomes (burnout), and cognitive outcomes (personal learning). The MFM was expected to demonstrate known-groups validity evidence, using socioemotional selectivity theory; younger protégés were expected to prefer a mentor who exhibits more career functions, and older protégés were expected to prefer a mentor who exhibits more psychosocial functions. However, no significant differences were found in mentor preference based on protégé age. Due to the scale development best practices used to develop the MFM, as well as the reliability and validity evidence established in this study, the MFM can be used by both researchers and practitioners to measure mentoring functions

TOWARD A VIABLE CHAPTER ORGANIZATION

On April 24, 1972, approximately ninety students and faculty from colleges and universities across the nation convened in Kansas City for the Gamma Theta Upsilon special session, held during the Sixty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers. The format for the session included group discussions and reports concentrating upon the theme: Toward a Viable Chapter Organization. The underlying purpose was to provide participants with the opportunity to pool their ideas in an effort to strengthen Gamma Theta Upsilon at the local level. Sponsors of G. T. U. chapters have long realized how difficult it is to come up constantly with fresh ideas which would help to maintain the viability of the local organizations. Knowing that there are chapters struggling for life, it was felt that it might be extremely beneficial if a chance were provided for representatives from both successful and moribund chapters to pass on their achievements and talk out their problems. Not only could this aid the chapters which found themselves in difficulty, but it could also be a means of cautioning the active chapters regarding possible pitfalls and problems to avoid in the future

Geography: Academic Cross Stitching

Yet another variation on the theme of geography in a liberal arts education is offered here for your examination. These words have been inspired in part by the guest editorial of Charles F. Gritzner entitled, Applied Geography: Retrospect and Prospect that appeared in the May, 1983 issue of The Geographical Bulletin, and in part by the necessity some of us perceive for strengthening geography\u27s position in liberal arts curricula