The new financial stability architecture in the EU

After the introduction of the euro in 1999, the debate on the financial stability architecture in the EU focused on the adequacy of a decentralised setting based on national responsibilities for preventing and managing crises. The Financial Services Action Plan in 1999 and the introduction of the Lamfalussy process for financial regulation and supervision in 2001 enhanced the decentralised arrangements by increasing significantly the level of legal harmonisation and supervisory cooperation. In addition, authorities adopted EU-wide MoUs to safeguard cross-border financial stability. In this context, the financial crisis has proved to be a major challenge to the ongoing process of European financial integration. In particular, momentous events such as the freezing of interbank markets, the loss of confidence in financial institutions, runs on banks and difficulties affecting cross-border financial groups, questioned the ability of the EU financial stability architecture to contain threats to the integrated single financial market. In particular, the crisis has demonstrated the importance of coupling to micro-prudential supervision a macro dimension aimed at a broad and effective monitoring and assessment of the potential risks covering all components of the financial system. In Europe, following the de Larosière Report, the European Commission has put forward proposals for establishing a European System of Financial Supervision and a European Systemic Risk Board, the latter body to be set up under the auspices of the ECB. While the details for the implementation of these structures still need to be spelt out, they should reinforce significantly – ten years after the introduction of the euro – the financial stability architecture at the EU level

National policies and the field of food and nutrition in collective health : the current scenario

É apresentado um balanço da implementação das diretrizes da Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição (PNAN) contextualizando as ações no cenário do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Aos dez anos de sua publicação, a PNAN se defronta com desafios tanto para expandir como para qualificar as ações de alimentação e nutrição na saúde, e também para se apresentar como interlocutora e representante legítima da área da saúde, no contexto político e institucional da segurança alimentar e nutricional. Questões relacionadas à articulação da PNAN e da futura Política Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional são analisadas para demonstrar a confluência de agendas entre as prioridades para a garantia da SAN. São apontadas as potencialidades desse campo de ação, a partir do atual cenário institucional, e a necessidade de soluções abrangentes que atendam à complexidade da alimentação e nutrição em Saúde Coletiva.It is presented a review of the guidelines implementation of the National Food and Nutrition Policy (PNAN) contextualizing the actions in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) scenario. At ten years of its publication, PNAN faces challenges both to expand and qualify the shares of food and nutrition on health. It is challenging to stand as interlocutor and legitimate representative of the area of health, political and institutional context of food security and nutrition. Issues related to the articulation of PNAN and future National Policy on Food and Nutrition Security will be analyzed to demonstrate the convergence of agendas among the priorities for the guarantee of the SAN. The authors identify the potential of this field of action, from the current institutional setting, and the need for comprehensive solutions that address the complexity of food and nutrition in health

Understanding Current Signals Induced by Drifting Electrons

Consider an electron drifting in a gas toward a collection electrode. A common misconception is that the electron produces a detectable signal only upon arrival at the electrode. In fact, the situation is quite the opposite. The electron induces a detectable current in the electrode as soon as it starts moving through the gas. This induced current vanishes when the electron arrives at the plate. To illustrate this phenomenon experimentally, we use a gas-filled parallel plate ionization chamber and a collimated $^{241}$Am alpha source, which produces a track of a fixed number of ionization electrons at a constant distance from the collection electrode. We find that the detected signal from the ionization chamber grows with the electron drift distance, as predicted by the model of charge induction, and in conflict with the idea that electrons are detectable upon arrival at the collection plate.Comment: 21 pages, 12 figure

Diversity of cervical microbiota in asymptomatic chlamydia trachomatis genital infection: a pilot study

Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection continues to be an important public health problem worldwide due to its increasing incidence. C. trachomatis infection can lead to severe sequelae, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, obstructive infertility, and preterm birth. Recently, it has been suggested that the cervico-vaginal microbiota may be an important defense factor toward C. trachomatis infection as well as the development of chronic sequelae. Therefore, the investigation of microbial profiles associated to chlamydial infection is of the utmost importance. Here we present a pilot study aiming to characterize, through the metagenomic analysis of sequenced 16s rRNA gene amplicons, the cervical microbiota from reproductive age women positive to C. trachomatis infection. The main finding of our study showed a marked increase in bacterial diversity in asymptomatic C. trachomatis positive women as compared to healthy controls in terms of Shannon's diversity and Shannon's evenness (P = 0.031 and P = 0.026, respectively). More importantly, the cervical microbiota from C. trachomatis positive women and from healthy controls significantly separated into two clusters in the weighted UniFrac analysis (P = 0.0027), suggesting that differences between the two groups depended entirely on the relative abundance of bacterial taxa rather than on the types of bacterial taxa present. Furthermore, C. trachomatis positive women showed an overall decrease in Lactobacillus spp. and an increase in anaerobes. These findings are part of an ongoing larger epidemiological study that will evaluate the potential role of distinct bacterial communities of the cervical microbiota in C. trachomatis infection

Concepts of healthy diet as expressed by primary health care workers in the national capital of Brazil

As mudanças alimentares na sociedade ocidental apontam para a importância de uma ação específica no campo da saúde individual e coletiva e colocam os profissionais sanitaristas como indivíduos estratégicos na promoção da alimentação saudável. O presente estudo tem o propósito de conhecer as concepções desses profissionais sobre a alimentação saudável, com base na técnica metodológica da pesquisa-ação aplicada em centros de saúde do Distrito Federal. Os resultados mostram que existe um aparente dualismo entre os conceitos envolvidos nesse tema, um que versa sobre a idealização alimentar e outro que situa o espaço da realidade concreta dos indivíduos. Ou seja, há um conceito sobre a alimentação para a saúde fundamentado na literatura científica e outro que se apóia neste, mas distingue-se no espaço interno do cotidiano. Neste último, os atores sociais fazem correspondências entre um saber e outro e trazem à tona os hábitos alimentares conjugados ao estilo de vida, mas, em ambas as concepções, a tendência é transcender o caráter biológico implícito na construção do conceito e apoiar-se nas condições sócio-culturais que as moldam e são moldadas no plano concreto da realidade.Dietary changes in Western society highlight the need for individual and collective health providers to use their strategic positions to actively promote healthy eating habits. Using the research-action methodology in various clinics in the Federal District of Brazil, the present study aimed to identify what these professionals consider a healthy diet. The results indicate an apparent conceptual dichotomy: on the one hand, an idealized version of eating for good health based on the scientific literature; on the other, a concept derived from the ideal, but based on people’s day-to-day reality. In their pursuit of the latter concept, people in social situations make connections between various pieces of information, and what emerges are the eating habits most closely associated with a particular lifestyle. However, both concepts tend to transcend the implicit biological character of the conceptual constructs and to find support in the sociocultural conditions that shape them and which in turn are shaped at the concrete level of reality

Food risk regulation : the tensions of the Brazilian Health Surveillance System

Este artigo aborda a dinâmica das práticas da vigilância sanitária de alimentos no Brasil, destacando as suas particularidades quanto aos riscos e modalidades de intervenção, assim como ressaltando os recentes instrumentos adotados para o controle dos riscos relativos à composição nutricional dos alimentos e suas repercussões no âmbito institucional. Instituída no Brasil desde a Primeira República, essa prática vem se remodelando ao longo dos anos, tanto pela complexidade crescente dos riscos, quanto pela introdução de novos instrumentos institucionais. Nos últimos anos, evidencia-se um esvaziamento da competência regulatória quando da adoção dos instrumentos, acordos e termos de compromisso, firmados entre o governo e as indústrias para lidar com os riscos de ordem nutricional dos produtos alimentícios. Instrumentos construídos sem a participação dos consumidores, com elasticidade de prazos para cumprimento pelas indústrias e ineptos para a fiscalização, denotando retrocessos na construção democrática e na prática da regulação sanitária de alimentos no Brasil.This article addresses the dynamics of Brazilian food control practices, highlighting their special risk-related features and the types of intervention, as well as the recently adopted instruments to control risks related to the nutritional composition of food and their institutional repercussions. Food regulation in Brazil dates back to the First Republic. The practice has been remodeled over the years, due to both the increasing complexity of the risks and the introduction of new institutional operational mechanisms. In recent years, with the adoption of instruments such as agreements and terms of commitments established between government and industry and designed to control risks, it has become possible to identify widening gaps in regulatory competence. The adoption of mechanisms without the participation of consumers, with elastic deadlines for compliance by industries and insusceptible to inspection, represents a setback in the democratic process and the practice of health regulation of food currently under way in Brazil

Shadow banking in the Euro area: an overview

Shadow banking, as one of the main sources of financial stability concerns, is the subject of much international debate. In broad terms, shadow banking refers to activities related to credit intermediation and liquidity and maturity transformation that take place outside the regulated banking system. This paper presents a first investigation of the size and the structure of shadow banking within the euro area, using the statistical data sources available to the ECB/Eurosystem. Although overall shadow banking activity in the euro area is smaller than in the United States, it is significant, at least in some euro area countries. This is also broadly true for some of the components of shadow banking, particularly securitisation activity, money market funds and the repo markets. This paper also addresses the interconnection between the regulated and the non-bank-regulated segments of the financial sector. Over the recent past, this interconnection has increased, likely resulting in a higher risk of contagion across sectors and countries. Euro area banks now rely more on funding from the financial sector than in the past, in particular from other financial intermediaries (OFIs), which cover shadow banking entities, including securitisation vehicles. This source of funding is mainly shortterm and therefore more susceptible to runs and to the drying-up of liquidity. This finding confirms that macro-prudential authorities and supervisors should carefully monitor the growing interlinkages between the regulated banking sector and the shadow banking system. However, an in-depth assessment of the activities of shadow banking and of the interconnection with the regulated banking system would require further improvements in the availability of data and other sources of information

Quantum bistability and spin current shot noise of a single quantum dot coupled to an optical microcavity

Here we explore spin dependent quantum transport through a single quantum dot coupled to an optical microcavity. The spin current is generated by electron tunneling between a single doped reservoir and the dot combined with intradot spin flip transitions induced by a quantized cavity mode. In the limit of strong Coulomb blockade, this model is analogous to the Jaynes-Cummings model in quantum optics and generates a pure spin current in the absence of any charge current. Earlier research has shown that in the classical limit where a large number of such dots interact with the cavity field, the spin current exhibits bistability as a function of the laser amplitude that drives the cavity. We show that in the limit of a single quantum dot this bistability continues to be present in the intracavity photon statistics. Signatures of the bistable photon statistics manifest themselves in the frequency dependent shot noise of the spin current despite the fact that the quantum mechanical average spin current no longer exhibits bistability. Besides having significance for future quantum dot based optoelectronic devices, our results shed light on the relation between bistability, which is traditionally viewed as a classical effect, and quantum mechanics

Development of a Dual-Band Radio Repeater to be Carried by a Fixed-Wing small Unmanned Aerial System

With the continued rise in wildfires in California, and around the world, technological advancements are needed to improve the safety and effectiveness of wildland firefighters. One area that provides an opportunity for such development is the deployment of temporary communications networks. Currently, radio repeaters are set up on mountain tops in the response area; such repeaters do not provide flexibility once installed, still have blind spots, and require the time of valuable assets like helicopters to install. This thesis will establish the feasibility of airborne radio repeaters for wildland firefighting. In order to successfully demonstrate the feasibility of such an airborne system, the resulting system should be rapidly deployable, improve communications range and reliability, and be compatible with existing regulations and guidelines. The design process for the repeater payload is described, as well as important troubleshooting steps. The resulting product is then compared to the initial requirements through testing and observation. Although audio filtering provided by off-the-shelf handheld radios prevented the repeater from functioning as intended, the proposed 2m/70cm dual-band digital communications relay was capable of being carried by the Altavian Nova and was able to successfully demonstrate the feasibility of such a system. As such it will be an important contribution to communications needed for fighting future wildfires

Perception of teachers and students about the education of dieticians who specialize in public health

OBJETIVO: Analisar a percepção de professores e estudantes em relação ao perfil de formação do nutricionista em saúde pública. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa, de abordagem qualiquantitativa, foi realizada com participantes do 21° Congresso Brasileiro de Nutrição. Foi aplicado um questionário com estudantes e recémegressos, e feito um grupo focal com professores. Foi estabelecida a análise descritiva dos dados quantitativos, e a análise qualitativa foi desenvolvida por meio da análise do discurso do sujeito coletivo. RESULTADOS: Dentre os estudantes, 35% relataram ter afinidade com a área de saúde pública, e 11% dos egressos disseram atuar em saúde pública. Segundo os professores, as principais barreiras percebidas na formação do nutricionista em saúde pública foram: dificuldade de inserção do profissional na área; relação entre teoria e prática; e relação ensino e serviço de saúde. CONCLUSÃO: Os aspectos de saúde pública na formação do nutricionista ainda são incipientes, o que evidencia a necessidade de um maior aprofundamento do tema.OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed how professors and students perceive the education of dieticians who specialize in public health. METHODS: This qualitative and quantitative study administered a questionnaire to undergraduate and graduate students and held a focal group with professors. The data collected by the questionnaire was descriptively analyzed and the contents of the focal group were analyzed according to the Discourse of the Collective Subject method. RESULTS: Thirtyfive percent of the students mentioned some kinship with the public health field and 11% of the graduates reported working in public health. Meanwhile, the greatest barriers in public health education, according to professors, were: difficulty of finding a job in the area, the relationship between theory and practice, and the communication difficulty between teaching and health service. CONCLUSION: These results indicate the need broadening and deepening the public health theme in undergraduate nutrition courses